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Article 1 establishes the purpose of this law. It stipulates that, taking into account that the proper and effective utilization of personal information contributes to the creation of new industries and the realization of a vibrant economy and society, the law protects the rights and interests of individuals while giving consideration to the usefulness of personal information.\n::\n\n::para\n[試験]{しけん:exam:N4}で[最も]{もっとも:most:N3}[重要]{じゅうよう:important:N3}なのは、この[法律]{ほうりつ:law:N2}が[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}をただ[守る]{まもる:to protect:N3}だけの[法律]{ほうりつ:law:N2}ではないという[点]{てん:point:N3}です。[法]{ほう:law:N3}1[条]{じょう:article:N1}は「[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}の[有用性]{ゆうようせい:usefulness:N3}に[配慮]{はいりょ:consideration:N1}しつつ」と[明記]{めいき:expressly states:N3}しており、[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}と[活用]{かつよう:utilization:N3}の「バランス」を[図る]{はかる:to strike:N4}ことが[立法]{りっぽう:legislative:N3}[趣旨]{しゅし:intent:N1}です。[具体的]{ぐたいてき:specifically:N3}には、[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}の[権利]{けんり:rights:N3}[利益]{りえき:interests:N1}の[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}、[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}の[有用性]{ゆうようせい:usefulness:N3}への[配慮]{はいりょ:consideration:N1}、そして[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}の[適正]{てきせい:proper:N3}な[取扱い]{とりあつかい:handling:N1}という[三]{さん:three:N5}つの[柱]{はしら:pillar:N2}が[掲げられて]{かかげられて:stated:N1}います。\n\n#en\nThe most important point for the exam is that this is NOT a law solely about protecting personal information. Article 1 expressly states \"while giving consideration to the usefulness of personal information,\" meaning the legislative intent is to strike a BALANCE between protection and utilization. Specifically, three pillars are stated: protection of individual rights and interests, consideration for the usefulness of personal information, and proper handling of personal information.\n::\n\n::callout\n[試験]{しけん:exam:N4}の[頻出]{ひんしゅつ:frequently tested:N1}ポイント：[法]{ほう:law:N3}1[条]{じょう:article:N1}は「[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}だけ」ではなく「[有用性]{ゆうようせい:usefulness:N3}への[配慮]{はいりょ:consideration:N1}」と「[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}」のバランスです。「[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}の[利用]{りよう:use:N3}を[制限]{せいげん:restrict:N3}する[法律]{ほうりつ:law:N2}」という[選択肢]{せんたくし:answer choice:N1}は[誤り]{あやまり:incorrect:N3}です。\n\n#en\nEXAM TRAP: Article 1 is about BALANCE between \"consideration for usefulness\" and \"protection\" — NOT just protection. An answer choice stating \"a law that restricts the use of personal information\" is INCORRECT.\n::\n\n::heading\n[基本]{きほん:fundamental:N1}[理念]{りねん:principle:N3}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}[第]{だい:article:N1}3[条]{じょう:article:N1}）\n\n#en\nFundamental Principle (Article 3)\n::\n\n::para\n[法]{ほう:law:N3}[第]{だい:article:N1}3[条]{じょう:article:N1}は[基本]{きほん:fundamental:N1}[理念]{りねん:principle:N3}を[定めて]{さだめて:establishes:N3}います。[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}は[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}の[人格]{じんかく:personality:N3}[尊重]{そんちょう:respect:N2}の[理念]{りねん:principle:N3}の[下]{もと:under:N5}に[慎重]{しんちょう:carefully:N1}に[取り扱われる]{とりあつかわれる:to be handled:N1}べきものであり、その[適正]{てきせい:proper:N3}な[取扱い]{とりあつかい:handling:N1}が[図られ]{はかられ:to be ensured:N4}なければなりません。ここで[注意]{ちゅうい:attention:N4}すべきは、[第]{だい:article:N1}3[条]{じょう:article:N1}は[哲学的]{てつがくてき:philosophical:N1}な[理念]{りねん:principle:N3}[規定]{きてい:provision:N3}であり、[具体的]{ぐたいてき:specific:N3}な[義務]{ぎむ:obligation:N1}を[課す]{かす:to impose:N2}ものではないという[点]{てん:point:N3}です。[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}への[具体的]{ぐたいてき:specific:N3}な[義務]{ぎむ:obligation:N1}は[第]{だい:chapter:N1}4[章]{しょう:chapter:N2}[以降]{いこう:onward:N3}に[規定]{きてい:stipulated:N3}されています。この[理念]{りねん:principle:N3}は[法]{ほう:law:N3}[全体]{ぜんたい:entire:N3}を[貫く]{つらぬく:to permeate:N1}[基本的]{きほんてき:fundamental:N1}な[考え方]{かんがえかた:way of thinking:N4}であり、[他]{た:other:N3}の[条文]{じょうぶん:articles:N1}を[解釈]{かいしゃく:interpret:N1}する[際]{さい:when:N3}の[指針]{ししん:guideline:N2}となります。\n\n#en\nArticle 3 establishes the fundamental principle. Personal information should be handled carefully under the principle of respect for individual personality, and its proper handling must be ensured. An important point to note is that Article 3 is a philosophical principle provision and does NOT impose specific obligations. Specific obligations on business operators are stipulated from Chapter 4 onward. This principle is the fundamental concept that permeates the entire law and serves as a guideline when interpreting other articles.\n::\n\n::callout\n[注意]{ちゅうい:note:N4}：[第]{だい:article:N1}3[条]{じょう:article:N1}は[哲学的]{てつがくてき:philosophical:N1}[理念]{りねん:principle:N3}であり、[具体的]{ぐたいてき:specific:N3}な[義務]{ぎむ:obligation:N1}[規定]{きてい:provision:N3}ではありません。[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}に[対する]{たいする:towards:N3}[義務]{ぎむ:obligation:N1}は[第]{だい:chapter:N1}4[章]{しょう:chapter:N2}[以降]{いこう:onward:N3}です。\n\n#en\nNOTE: Article 3 is a philosophical principle, NOT a specific obligation provision. Obligations on business operators begin from Chapter 4 onward.\n::\n\n::heading\n[用語]{ようご:terminology:N4}の[定義]{ていぎ:definitions:N1}（[最]{もっと:most:N3}も[出題]{しゅつだい:tested:N4}される[分野]{ぶんや:area:N4}）\n\n#en\nKey Definitions (the most exam-tested area)\n::\n\n::heading\n[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}2[条]{じょう:article:N1}1[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}）\n\n#en\nPersonal Information (Article 2, Paragraph 1)\n::\n\n::para\n[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}は[法]{ほう:law:N3}[第]{だい:article:N1}2[条]{じょう:article:N1}[第]{だい:paragraph:N1}1[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}で[定義]{ていぎ:defined:N1}されています。それは[生存]{せいぞん:living:N3}する[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}に[関する]{かんする:relating to:N3}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}であり、[次]{つぎ:following:N3}の2つの[類型]{るいけい:type:N2}があります。（a）[当該]{とうがい:the relevant:N1}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}に[含まれる]{ふくまれる:contained in:N2}[氏名]{しめい:full name:N1}、[生年月日]{せいねんがっぴ:date of birth:N5}その[他]{た:other:N3}の[記述]{きじゅつ:description:N2}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}により[特定]{とくてい:specific:N3}の[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}を[識別]{しきべつ:identify:N3}できるもの（[記述]{きじゅつ:description:N2}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}[型]{がた:type:N2}）、（b）[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}[識別]{しきべつ:identification:N3}[符号]{ふごう:code:N2}が[含まれる]{ふくまれる:included:N2}もの（[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}[識別]{しきべつ:identification:N3}[符号]{ふごう:code:N2}[型]{がた:type:N2}）です。[重要]{じゅうよう:important:N3}なのは「[生存]{せいぞん:living:N3}する」[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}に[限定]{げんてい:limited to:N3}されている[点]{てん:point:N3}です。[死者]{ししゃ:deceased person:N4}の[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}は[原則]{げんそく:in principle:N2}として[対象外]{たいしょうがい:excluded:N2}ですが、[死者]{ししゃ:deceased person:N4}の[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}が[同時]{どうじ:simultaneously:N4}に[生存]{せいぞん:living:N3}する[遺族]{いぞく:bereaved family:N1}を[識別]{しきべつ:identify:N3}できる[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}は[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}に[該当]{がいとう:falls under:N1}します。また、[氏名]{しめい:name:N1}だけでも[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}に[該当]{がいとう:falls under:N1}しますが、[生年月日]{せいねんがっぴ:date of birth:N5}だけでは[特定]{とくてい:specific:N3}の[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}を[識別]{しきべつ:identify:N3}できないため、[単独]{たんどく:alone:N1}では[該当]{がいとう:applicable:N1}しません。[生年月日]{せいねんがっぴ:date of birth:N5}＋[氏名]{しめい:name:N1}の[組み合わせ]{くみあわせ:combination:N3}であれば[該当]{がいとう:applicable:N1}します。\n\n#en\nPersonal information is defined in Article 2, Paragraph 1. It is information relating to a living individual, and there are two types: (a) information that can identify a specific individual by name, date of birth, or other descriptions contained in the information (description type), and (b) information that contains a personal identification code (personal identification code type). An important point is that it is limited to \"living\" individuals. Information about deceased persons is in principle excluded, but if information about a deceased person can simultaneously identify a living bereaved family member, it falls under personal information. Also, a name alone qualifies as personal information, but a date of birth alone does not because it cannot identify a specific individual. A combination of date of birth + name does qualify.\n::\n\n::heading\n[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}[識別]{しきべつ:identification:N3}[符号]{ふごう:code:N2}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}2[条]{じょう:article:N1}2[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}）\n\n#en\nPersonal Identification Codes (Article 2, Paragraph 2)\n::\n\n::para\n[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}[識別]{しきべつ:identification:N3}[符号]{ふごう:code:N2}は[法]{ほう:law:N3}[第]{だい:article:N1}2[条]{じょう:article:N1}[第]{だい:paragraph:N1}2[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}で[定義]{ていぎ:defined:N1}され、2つの[類型]{るいけい:type:N2}に[分かれます]{わかれます:divided:N5}。[第]{だい:type:N1}1[号]{ごう:item:N3}は[身体]{しんたい:body:N4}の[特徴]{とくちょう:characteristic:N1}をコンピュータ[用]{よう:for use:N4}に[変換]{へんかん:converted:N2}した[符号]{ふごう:code:N2}です。[具体的]{ぐたいてき:specifically:N3}には、DNA、[指紋]{しもん:fingerprint:N1}、[虹彩]{こうさい:iris:N1}、[声紋]{せいもん:voiceprint:N1}、[歩行]{ほこう:gait:N4}の[態様]{たいよう:manner:N1}、[静脈]{じょうみゃく:vein:N1}の[形状]{けいじょう:pattern:N3}、[顔]{かお:face:N3}の[骨格]{こっかく:bone structure:N2}・[皮膚]{ひふ:skin:N2}の[色]{いろ:color:N4}・[目]{め:eye:N4}・[鼻]{はな:nose:N2}・[口]{くち:mouth:N4}その[他]{た:other:N3}の[顔]{かお:facial:N3}の[特徴]{とくちょう:features:N1}の7[種類]{しゅるい:types:N3}です。[第]{だい:type:N1}2[号]{ごう:item:N3}は[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}に[割り当てられた]{わりあてられた:assigned:N3}[番号]{ばんごう:number:N3}・[記号]{きごう:symbol:N3}です。[具体的]{ぐたいてき:specifically:N3}には、パスポート[番号]{ばんごう:number:N3}、[基礎]{きそ:basic:N1}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}[番号]{ばんごう:number:N3}、[運転]{うんてん:driving:N4}[免許証]{めんきょしょう:license:N1}[番号]{ばんごう:number:N3}、マイナンバー（[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}[番号]{ばんごう:number:N3}）、[住民]{じゅうみん:resident:N3}[票]{ひょう:certificate:N1}コード、[健康]{けんこう:health:N1}[保険]{ほけん:insurance:N1}の[被]{ひ:subject:N2}[保険者]{ほけんしゃ:insured:N1}[番号]{ばんごう:number:N3}、[在留]{ざいりゅう:residence:N3}カード[番号]{ばんごう:number:N3}、[特別]{とくべつ:special:N4}[永住者]{えいじゅうしゃ:permanent resident:N2}[証明書]{しょうめいしょ:certificate:N1}[番号]{ばんごう:number:N3}などがあります。[携帯]{けいたい:mobile:N1}[電話]{でんわ:phone:N5}[番号]{ばんごう:number:N3}やメールアドレスは[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}[識別]{しきべつ:identification:N3}[符号]{ふごう:code:N2}には[該当]{がいとう:applicable:N1}しません。\n\n#en\nPersonal identification codes are defined in Article 2, Paragraph 2, and are divided into two types. Type 1 (Item 1) covers codes converted from bodily characteristics for computer processing. Specifically, there are 7 types: DNA, fingerprint, iris, voiceprint, gait pattern, vein pattern, and facial features (bone structure, skin color, eyes, nose, mouth, etc.). Type 2 (Item 2) covers numbers and symbols assigned to individuals. Specifically: passport number, basic pension number, driver's license number, My Number (individual number), resident certificate code, health insurance insured person number, residence card number, special permanent resident certificate number, and others. Mobile phone numbers and email addresses do NOT qualify as personal identification codes.\n::\n\n::heading\n[要]{よう:requiring:N3}[配慮]{はいりょ:consideration:N1}[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}2[条]{じょう:article:N1}3[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}）\n\n#en\nSpecial Care-Required Personal Information (Article 2, Paragraph 3)\n::\n\n::para\n[要]{よう:requiring:N3}[配慮]{はいりょ:consideration:N1}[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}は[法]{ほう:law:N3}[第]{だい:article:N1}2[条]{じょう:article:N1}[第]{だい:paragraph:N1}3[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}で[定義]{ていぎ:defined:N1}されています。[不当]{ふとう:unjust:N3}な[差別]{さべつ:discrimination:N3}、[偏見]{へんけん:prejudice:N1}その[他]{た:other:N3}の[不利益]{ふりえき:disadvantage:N1}が[生じない]{しょうじない:not to arise:N5}よう、[取扱い]{とりあつかい:handling:N1}に[特に]{とくに:particularly:N4}[配慮]{はいりょ:consideration:N1}を[要する]{ようする:requiring:N3}ものです。[法]{ほう:law:N3}と[政令]{せいれい:government ordinance:N2}で[列挙]{れっきょ:enumerated:N1}された[全]{ぜん:all:N3}[項目]{こうもく:categories:N1}は[次]{つぎ:following:N3}の[通り]{とおり:as follows:N4}です：①[人種]{じんしゅ:race:N3}、②[信条]{しんじょう:creed:N1}（[宗教]{しゅうきょう:religion:N1}、[思想]{しそう:ideology:N3}を[含む]{ふくむ:includes:N2}）、③[社会的]{しゃかいてき:social:N4}[身分]{みぶん:status:N4}、④[病歴]{びょうれき:medical history:N2}、⑤[犯罪]{はんざい:crime:N3}の[経歴]{けいれき:history:N2}（[有罪]{ゆうざい:guilty:N3}[判決]{はんけつ:verdict:N3}[確定]{かくてい:finalized:N3}[歴]{れき:history:N2}）、⑥[犯罪]{はんざい:crime:N3}により[害]{がい:harm:N3}を[被った]{こうむった:suffered:N2}[事実]{じじつ:fact:N3}（[被害者]{ひがいしゃ:victim:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}）、⑦[身体]{しんたい:physical:N4}[障害]{しょうがい:disability:N1}・[知的]{ちてき:intellectual:N4}[障害]{しょうがい:disability:N1}・[精神]{せいしん:mental:N3}[障害]{しょうがい:disability:N1}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}があること、⑧[健康]{けんこう:health:N1}[診断]{しんだん:examination:N1}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}の[結果]{けっか:result:N1}、⑨[医師]{いし:doctor:N3}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}による[指導]{しどう:guidance:N2}・[診療]{しんりょう:medical treatment:N1}・[調剤]{ちょうざい:dispensing:N1}が[行われた]{おこなわれた:performed:N5}こと、⑩[逮捕]{たいほ:arrest:N1}・[捜索]{そうさく:search:N1}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}の[刑事]{けいじ:criminal:N1}[手続]{てつづき:procedure:N3}が[行われた]{おこなわれた:carried out:N5}こと、⑪[少年]{しょうねん:juvenile:N4}の[保護]{ほご:protective:N1}[事件]{じけん:case:N3}の[手続]{てつづき:procedure:N3}が[行われた]{おこなわれた:carried out:N5}こと。\n\n#en\nSpecial care-required personal information is defined in Article 2, Paragraph 3. It requires particular care in handling to prevent unjust discrimination, prejudice, or other disadvantage. All categories enumerated in the law and government ordinance are: (1) race, (2) creed (including religion and ideology), (3) social status, (4) medical history, (5) criminal record (history of finalized guilty verdicts), (6) fact of having suffered harm from a crime (victim information), (7) having a physical, intellectual, or mental disability, (8) results of health examinations, (9) receiving medical guidance, treatment, or dispensing by a doctor, (10) criminal procedures such as arrest or search having been carried out, (11) juvenile protection case procedures having been carried out.\n::\n\n::para\n[要]{よう:requiring:N3}[配慮]{はいりょ:consideration:N1}[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}の[取得]{しゅとく:acquisition:N3}には、[原則]{げんそく:in principle:N2}として[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}の[同意]{どうい:consent:N4}が[必要]{ひつよう:necessary:N3}です（[法]{ほう:law:N3}[第]{だい:article:N1}20[条]{じょう:article:N1}[第]{だい:paragraph:N1}2[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}）。これは[通常]{つうじょう:ordinary:N3}の[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}と[異なる]{ことなる:different from:N1}[厳格]{げんかく:strict:N1}な[取扱い]{とりあつかい:handling:N1}です。[通常]{つうじょう:ordinary:N3}の[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}の[取得]{しゅとく:acquisition:N3}は[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}の[通知]{つうち:notification:N4}・[公表]{こうひょう:publication:N3}で[足りる]{たりる:sufficient:N4}のに[対し]{たいし:in contrast:N3}、[要]{よう:requiring:N3}[配慮]{はいりょ:consideration:N1}[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}はあらかじめ[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}の[同意]{どうい:consent:N4}を[得]{え:obtain:N3}なければなりません。\n\n#en\nAcquisition of special care-required personal information requires, in principle, the consent of the person (Article 20, Paragraph 2). This is stricter handling than ordinary personal information. While ordinary personal information acquisition only requires notification or publication of the purpose of use, special care-required personal information requires obtaining the person's consent in advance.\n::\n\n::heading\n[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}データベース[等]{とう:etc.:N3}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}16[条]{じょう:article:N1}1[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}）\n\n#en\nPersonal Information Database, etc. (Article 16, Paragraph 1)\n::\n\n::para\n[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}データベース[等]{とう:etc.:N3}は[法]{ほう:law:N3}[第]{だい:article:N1}16[条]{じょう:article:N1}[第]{だい:paragraph:N1}1[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}で[定義]{ていぎ:defined:N1}されています。[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}を[含む]{ふくむ:containing:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}の[集合物]{しゅうごうぶつ:collection:N3}であって、[特定]{とくてい:specific:N3}の[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}を[検索]{けんさく:search:N1}できるように[体系的]{たいけいてき:systematically:N1}に[構成]{こうせい:organized:N3}したものです。コンピュータの[電子的]{でんしてき:electronic:N4}データベースだけでなく、[紙]{かみ:paper:N4}の[媒体]{ばいたい:medium:N1}であっても、[目次]{もくじ:table of contents:N3}、[索引]{さくいん:index:N1}、[符号]{ふごう:symbol:N2}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}により[容易]{ようい:easily:N3}に[検索]{けんさく:search:N1}できる[状態]{じょうたい:state:N1}に[整理]{せいり:organized:N1}されていれば[該当]{がいとう:applicable:N1}します。ただし、[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[方法]{ほうほう:method:N3}から[見て]{みて:considering:N5}[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}の[権利]{けんり:rights:N3}[利益]{りえき:interests:N1}を[害する]{がいする:harm:N3}おそれが[少ない]{すくない:low:N4}ものは[除外]{じょがい:excluded:N3}されます。[政令]{せいれい:government ordinance:N2}で[定められた]{さだめられた:prescribed:N3}[除外]{じょがい:exclusion:N3}[例]{れい:examples:N3}として、[市販]{しはん:commercially available:N2}の[電話帳]{でんわちょう:telephone directory:N1}、カーナビ[地図]{ちず:map:N4}ソフト[等]{とう:etc.:N3}があります。\n\n#en\nA personal information database, etc. is defined in Article 16, Paragraph 1. It is a collection of information containing personal information that is systematically organized so that specific personal information can be searched. It covers not only electronic computer databases but also paper-based media, provided they are organized for easy searching via a table of contents, index, symbols, etc. However, items with a low risk of harming individual rights and interests considering their method of use are excluded. Exclusion examples prescribed by government ordinance include commercially available telephone directories and car navigation map software.\n::\n\n::heading\n[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}データ（[法]{ほう:law:N3}16[条]{じょう:article:N1}3[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}）\n\n#en\nPersonal Data (Article 16, Paragraph 3)\n::\n\n::para\n[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}データは[法]{ほう:law:N3}[第]{だい:article:N1}16[条]{じょう:article:N1}[第]{だい:paragraph:N1}3[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}で、[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}データベース[等]{とう:etc.:N3}を[構成]{こうせい:constitute:N3}する[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}と[定義]{ていぎ:defined:N1}されています。つまり、[散在]{さんざい:scattered:N3}している[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}は「[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}」ではありますが、「[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}データ」にはなりません。データベースに[入力]{にゅうりょく:entered:N4}・[整理]{せいり:organized:N1}されて[初めて]{はじめて:for the first time:N3}「[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}データ」となります。この[区別]{くべつ:distinction:N2}は[極めて]{きわめて:extremely:N2}[重要]{じゅうよう:important:N3}です。[安全]{あんぜん:security:N3}[管理]{かんり:management:N2}[措置]{そち:measures:N1}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}23[条]{じょう:article:N1}）や[第三者]{だいさんしゃ:third party:N1}[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}の[制限]{せいげん:restriction:N3}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}27[条]{じょう:article:N1}）など、[多く]{おおく:many:N4}の[義務]{ぎむ:obligation:N1}は「[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}データ」の[段階]{だんかい:level:N2}から[適用]{てきよう:apply:N3}されます。\n\n#en\nPersonal data is defined in Article 16, Paragraph 3 as personal information that constitutes a personal information database, etc. In other words, scattered personal information is \"personal information\" but does NOT become \"personal data.\" It only becomes \"personal data\" once it is entered and organized in a database. This distinction is extremely important. Many obligations such as security management measures (Article 23) and restrictions on third-party provision (Article 27) apply from the \"personal data\" level.\n::\n\n::heading\n[保有]{ほゆう:retained:N1}[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}データ（[法]{ほう:law:N3}16[条]{じょう:article:N1}4[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}）\n\n#en\nRetained Personal Data (Article 16, Paragraph 4)\n::\n\n::para\n[保有]{ほゆう:retained:N1}[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}データは[法]{ほう:law:N3}[第]{だい:article:N1}16[条]{じょう:article:N1}[第]{だい:paragraph:N1}4[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}で、[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}[取扱]{とりあつかい:handling:N1}[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}が[開示]{かいじ:disclosure:N3}、[内容]{ないよう:content:N3}の[訂正]{ていせい:correction:N1}・[追加]{ついか:addition:N3}・[削除]{さくじょ:deletion:N1}、[利用]{りよう:use:N3}の[停止]{ていし:suspension:N2}・[消去]{しょうきょ:erasure:N3}、[第三者]{だいさんしゃ:third party:N1}への[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}の[停止]{ていし:suspension:N2}を[行う]{おこなう:to perform:N5}[権限]{けんげん:authority:N3}を[有する]{ゆうする:to possess:N4}[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}データと[定義]{ていぎ:defined:N1}されています。2022[年]{ねん:year:N5}[施行]{しこう:enforcement:N1}の[改正法]{かいせいほう:amended law:N2}で[大きな]{おおきな:major:N5}[変更]{へんこう:change:N3}がありました。[旧法]{きゅうほう:old law:N2}では、6か[月]{げつ:months:N5}[以内]{いない:within:N3}に[消去]{しょうきょ:erased:N3}することとなるデータは[保有]{ほゆう:retained:N1}[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}データから[除外]{じょがい:excluded:N3}されていましたが、[改正]{かいせい:amendment:N2}により、この6か[月]{げつ:months:N5}の[除外]{じょがい:exclusion:N3}[要件]{ようけん:requirement:N3}は[撤廃]{てっぱい:abolished:N1}されました。[短期]{たんき:short-term:N2}[保存]{ほぞん:stored:N1}のデータであっても[保有]{ほゆう:retained:N1}[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}データに[該当]{がいとう:applicable:N1}し、[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}からの[開示]{かいじ:disclosure:N3}・[訂正]{ていせい:correction:N1}・[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[停止]{ていし:suspension:N2}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}の[請求]{せいきゅう:request:N1}の[対象]{たいしょう:subject:N2}となります。\n\n#en\nRetained personal data is defined in Article 16, Paragraph 4 as personal data over which a personal information handling business operator has the authority to disclose, correct, add to, delete, suspend use of, erase, and suspend provision to third parties. A major change occurred with the amended law enforced in 2022. Under the old law, data scheduled for erasure within 6 months was excluded from retained personal data, but this 6-month exclusion requirement was abolished by the amendment. Even short-term stored data now qualifies as retained personal data and is subject to disclosure, correction, and use suspension requests from the individual.\n::\n\n::callout\n[超]{ちょう:super:N2}[重要]{じゅうよう:important:N3}：[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2} → [個人]{こじん:personal:N2}データ → [保有]{ほゆう:retained:N1}[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}データという[階層]{かいそう:hierarchy:N2}[構造]{こうぞう:structure:N2}を[理解]{りかい:understand:N3}してください。[各]{かく:each:N2}レベルで[適用]{てきよう:apply:N3}される[義務]{ぎむ:obligation:N1}が[異なります]{ことなります:differ:N1}。[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}レベル：[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}の[特定]{とくてい:specification:N3}・[通知]{つうち:notification:N4}。[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}データレベル：[安全]{あんぜん:security:N3}[管理]{かんり:management:N2}[措置]{そち:measures:N1}・[第三者]{だいさんしゃ:third party:N1}[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}[制限]{せいげん:restriction:N3}。[保有]{ほゆう:retained:N1}[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}データレベル：[開示]{かいじ:disclosure:N3}・[訂正]{ていせい:correction:N1}・[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[停止]{ていし:suspension:N2}[請求]{せいきゅう:request:N1}[権]{けん:right:N3}。\n\n#en\nCRITICAL EXAM TRAP: Understand the hierarchy: Personal Information → Personal Data → Retained Personal Data. Different obligations apply at each level. Personal information level: specification\u002Fnotification of purpose of use. Personal data level: security management measures, third-party provision restrictions. Retained personal data level: disclosure, correction, and use suspension request rights.\n::\n\n::heading\n[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}[取扱]{とりあつかい:handling:N1}[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}16[条]{じょう:article:N1}2[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}）\n\n#en\nPersonal Information Handling Business Operator (Article 16, Paragraph 2)\n::\n\n::para\n[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}[取扱]{とりあつかい:handling:N1}[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}は[法]{ほう:law:N3}[第]{だい:article:N1}16[条]{じょう:article:N1}[第]{だい:paragraph:N1}2[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}で、[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}データベース[等]{とう:etc.:N3}を[事業]{じぎょう:business:N4}の[用]{よう:use:N4}に[供して]{きょうして:providing for:N3}いる[者]{もの:entity:N4}と[定義]{ていぎ:defined:N1}されています。2015[年]{ねん:year:N5}[改正]{かいせい:amendment:N2}[以前]{いぜん:before:N4}は、[過去]{かこ:past:N3}6か[月]{げつ:months:N5}[以内]{いない:within:N3}に5,000[件]{けん:items:N3}を[超える]{こえる:exceeding:N2}[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}を[取り扱った]{とりあつかった:handled:N1}[者]{もの:entity:N4}のみが[対象]{たいしょう:subject:N2}でした。この5,000[件]{けん:items:N3}[要件]{ようけん:requirement:N3}は2015[年]{ねん:year:N5}[改正]{かいせい:amendment:N2}（2017[年]{ねん:year:N5}[施行]{しこう:enforcement:N1}）で[撤廃]{てっぱい:abolished:N1}され、[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}データベース[等]{とう:etc.:N3}を[事業]{じぎょう:business:N4}に[利用]{りよう:use:N3}するすべての[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}が[対象]{たいしょう:subject:N2}です。[小規模]{しょうきぼ:small-scale:N1}な[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}や[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}[事業主]{じぎょうぬし:sole proprietor:N4}、NPO[法人]{ほうじん:corporation:N3}、[自治会]{じちかい:neighborhood association:N3}、[同窓会]{どうそうかい:alumni association:N3}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}も[含まれます]{ふくまれます:included:N2}。ただし、[国]{くに:national:N5}の[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}、[地方]{ちほう:local:N4}[公共]{こうきょう:public:N3}[団体]{だんたい:organization:N2}、[独立]{どくりつ:independent:N1}[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[法人]{ほうじん:corporation:N3}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}は[除外]{じょがい:excluded:N3}されます（これらには[別途]{べっと:separately:N3}[第]{だい:chapter:N1}5[章]{しょう:chapter:N2}の[規定]{きてい:provisions:N3}が[適用]{てきよう:apply:N3}されます）。\n\n#en\nA personal information handling business operator is defined in Article 16, Paragraph 2 as an entity that uses a personal information database, etc. for business purposes. Before the 2015 amendment, only entities that handled more than 5,000 personal information items within the past 6 months were subject. This 5,000-item requirement was abolished by the 2015 amendment (enforced 2017), and all business operators that use personal information databases for business are now subject. This includes small-scale operators, sole proprietors, NPOs, neighborhood associations, alumni associations, etc. However, national agencies, local public organizations, and independent administrative corporations are excluded (separate provisions in Chapter 5 apply to them).\n::\n\n::heading\n[仮名]{かめい:pseudonym:N1}[加工]{かこう:processing:N3}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}2[条]{じょう:article:N1}5[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}）\n\n#en\nPseudonymized Information (Article 2, Paragraph 5)\n::\n\n::para\n[仮名]{かめい:pseudonym:N1}[加工]{かこう:processing:N3}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}は[法]{ほう:law:N3}[第]{だい:article:N1}2[条]{じょう:article:N1}[第]{だい:paragraph:N1}5[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}で、[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}を[加工]{かこう:process:N3}して、[他]{た:other:N3}の[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}と[照合]{しょうごう:cross-reference:N2}しない[限り]{かぎり:unless:N3}[特定]{とくてい:specific:N3}の[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}を[識別]{しきべつ:identify:N3}できないようにしたものと[定義]{ていぎ:defined:N1}されています。2020[年]{ねん:year:N5}[改正]{かいせい:amendment:N2}（2022[年]{ねん:year:N5}[施行]{しこう:enforcement:N1}）で[新設]{しんせつ:newly established:N2}されました。[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}は、[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}[内部]{ないぶ:internal:N3}でのデータ[分析]{ぶんせき:analysis:N1}・[統計]{とうけい:statistics:N1}[利用]{りよう:use:N3}を[促進]{そくしん:promote:N1}することです。[主]{おも:main:N4}な[特徴]{とくちょう:characteristic:N1}として、[第三者]{だいさんしゃ:third party:N1}[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}は[原則]{げんそく:in principle:N2}[禁止]{きんし:prohibited:N2}、[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}への[連絡]{れんらく:contact:N2}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}の[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}での[利用]{りよう:use:N3}も[禁止]{きんし:prohibited:N2}、[元]{もと:original:N4}の[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}に[戻す]{もどす:to restore:N3}ための[照合]{しょうごう:cross-reference:N2}（[再]{さい:re-:N2}[識別]{しきべつ:identification:N3}）は[禁止]{きんし:prohibited:N2}、ただし[技術的]{ぎじゅつてき:technically:N2}には[照合]{しょうごう:cross-referencing:N2}[用]{よう:for use:N4}の[追加]{ついか:additional:N3}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}が[存在]{そんざい:exists:N3}するため[復元]{ふくげん:restoration:N2}は[可能]{かのう:possible:N3}です。[開示]{かいじ:disclosure:N3}・[訂正]{ていせい:correction:N1}・[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[停止]{ていし:suspension:N2}[請求]{せいきゅう:request:N1}の[対象外]{たいしょうがい:exempt:N2}であり、[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}の[変更]{へんこう:change:N3}[制限]{せいげん:restriction:N3}が[緩和]{かんわ:relaxed:N1}されています。\n\n#en\nPseudonymized information is defined in Article 2, Paragraph 5 as information processed from personal information so that a specific individual cannot be identified unless cross-referenced with other information. It was newly established by the 2020 amendment (enforced 2022). Its purpose is to promote internal data analysis and statistical use by business operators. Key characteristics: third-party provision is prohibited in principle; use for contacting the person is prohibited; cross-referencing to restore the original personal information (re-identification) is prohibited; however, technically restoration IS possible because the additional information for cross-referencing still exists. It is exempt from disclosure, correction, and use suspension requests, and restrictions on changing the purpose of use are relaxed.\n::\n\n::heading\n[匿名]{とくめい:anonymous:N1}[加工]{かこう:processing:N3}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}2[条]{じょう:article:N1}6[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}）\n\n#en\nAnonymized Processed Information (Article 2, Paragraph 6)\n::\n\n::para\n[匿名]{とくめい:anonymous:N1}[加工]{かこう:processing:N3}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}は[法]{ほう:law:N3}[第]{だい:article:N1}2[条]{じょう:article:N1}[第]{だい:paragraph:N1}6[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}で、[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}を[加工]{かこう:process:N3}して[特定]{とくてい:specific:N3}の[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}を[識別]{しきべつ:identify:N3}できず、かつ[当該]{とうがい:the relevant:N1}[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}を[復元]{ふくげん:restore:N2}できないようにしたものと[定義]{ていぎ:defined:N1}されています。2015[年]{ねん:year:N5}[改正]{かいせい:amendment:N2}で[導入]{どうにゅう:introduced:N2}されました。[最大]{さいだい:greatest:N3}の[特徴]{とくちょう:characteristic:N1}は[不可逆性]{ふかぎゃくせい:irreversibility:N2}です。[元]{もと:original:N4}の[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}への[復元]{ふくげん:restoration:N2}は[設計]{せっけい:by design:N2}[上]{じょう:structurally:N5}[不可能]{ふかのう:impossible:N3}です。[第三者]{だいさんしゃ:third party:N1}[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}が[可能]{かのう:possible:N3}であり、ビッグデータの[利活用]{りかつよう:utilization:N3}を[促進]{そくしん:promote:N1}する[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}で[設けられました]{もうけられました:established:N2}。[作成]{さくせい:creation:N3}[時]{じ:when:N5}には[加工]{かこう:processing:N3}[基準]{きじゅん:standards:N1}に[従う]{したがう:to follow:N1}[義務]{ぎむ:obligation:N1}があり、[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}[時]{じ:when:N5}には[含まれる]{ふくまれる:contained:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}の[項目]{こうもく:items:N1}を[公表]{こうひょう:publicize:N3}する[義務]{ぎむ:obligation:N1}があります。\n\n#en\nAnonymized processed information is defined in Article 2, Paragraph 6 as information processed from personal information so that a specific individual cannot be identified AND the original personal information cannot be restored. It was introduced by the 2015 amendment. The greatest characteristic is its irreversibility — restoration to the original personal information is impossible by design. Third-party provision IS possible, and it was established to promote big data utilization. There is an obligation to follow processing standards when creating it, and an obligation to publicize the items of information contained when providing it.\n::\n\n::callout\n[仮名]{かめい:pseudonym:N1}[加工]{かこう:processing:N3}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3} vs [匿名]{とくめい:anonymous:N1}[加工]{かこう:processing:N3}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}の[比較]{ひかく:comparison:N1}：[第三者]{だいさんしゃ:third party:N1}[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}→[仮名]{かめい:pseudonym:N1}：[禁止]{きんし:prohibited:N2}、[匿名]{とくめい:anonymous:N1}：[可能]{かのう:possible:N3}。[再]{さい:re-:N2}[識別]{しきべつ:identification:N3}→[仮名]{かめい:pseudonym:N1}：[禁止]{きんし:prohibited:N2}だが[技術的]{ぎじゅつてき:technically:N2}には[可能]{かのう:possible:N3}、[匿名]{とくめい:anonymous:N1}：[設計]{せっけい:design:N2}[上]{じょう:by:N5}[不可能]{ふかのう:impossible:N3}。[導入]{どうにゅう:introduced:N2}[年]{ねん:year:N5}→[仮名]{かめい:pseudonym:N1}：2020[年]{ねん:year:N5}[改正]{かいせい:amendment:N2}、[匿名]{とくめい:anonymous:N1}：2015[年]{ねん:year:N5}[改正]{かいせい:amendment:N2}。\n\n#en\nEXAM TRAP — Pseudonymized vs Anonymized comparison: Third-party provision → Pseudonymized: PROHIBITED, Anonymized: POSSIBLE. Re-identification → Pseudonymized: prohibited but technically possible, Anonymized: impossible by design. Year introduced → Pseudonymized: 2020 amendment, Anonymized: 2015 amendment.\n::\n\n::heading\n[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[関連]{かんれん:related:N3}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}2[条]{じょう:article:N1}7[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}）\n\n#en\nPersonal-Related Information (Article 2, Paragraph 7)\n::\n\n::para\n[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[関連]{かんれん:related:N3}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}は[法]{ほう:law:N3}[第]{だい:article:N1}2[条]{じょう:article:N1}[第]{だい:paragraph:N1}7[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}で、[生存]{せいぞん:living:N3}する[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}に[関する]{かんする:relating to:N3}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}であって、[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}、[仮名]{かめい:pseudonym:N1}[加工]{かこう:processing:N3}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}、[匿名]{とくめい:anonymous:N1}[加工]{かこう:processing:N3}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}のいずれにも[該当]{がいとう:applicable:N1}しないものと[定義]{ていぎ:defined:N1}されています。[具体的]{ぐたいてき:specifically:N3}には、Cookie[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}、[閲覧]{えつらん:browsing:N1}[履歴]{りれき:history:N1}、[購買]{こうばい:purchasing:N1}[履歴]{りれき:history:N1}、[位置]{いち:location:N3}[情報]{じょうほう:data:N3}、[端末]{たんまつ:device:N1}[識別]{しきべつ:identification:N3}ID[等]{とう:etc.:N3}が[該当]{がいとう:applicable:N1}します。[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}[元]{もと:source:N4}では[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}を[識別]{しきべつ:identify:N3}できないが、[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}[先]{さき:destination:N5}で[他]{た:other:N3}の[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}と[結びつく]{むすびつく:linked:N1}ことで[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}データとなるケースを[想定]{そうてい:envisions:N3}しています。[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}[先]{さき:destination:N5}で[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}データとなることが[想定]{そうてい:expected:N3}される[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}、[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}[元]{もと:source:N4}は[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}の[同意]{どうい:consent:N4}が[得られて]{えられて:obtained:N3}いることを[確認]{かくにん:confirm:N3}する[義務]{ぎむ:obligation:N1}があります（[法]{ほう:law:N3}[第]{だい:article:N1}31[条]{じょう:article:N1}）。2020[年]{ねん:year:N5}[改正]{かいせい:amendment:N2}で[新設]{しんせつ:newly established:N2}された[概念]{がいねん:concept:N1}であり、DMP（データ・マネジメント・プラットフォーム）[等]{とう:etc.:N3}によるCookie[連携]{れんけい:linking:N1}を[念頭]{ねんとう:in mind:N3}に[置いた]{おいた:placed:N3}[規定]{きてい:provision:N3}です。\n\n#en\nPersonal-related information is defined in Article 2, Paragraph 7 as information relating to a living individual that does not fall under personal information, pseudonymized information, or anonymized processed information. Specifically, this includes cookie information, browsing history, purchasing history, location data, device identification IDs, etc. It envisions cases where the information source cannot identify the individual, but the information becomes personal data at the destination when linked with other information. When it is expected that such information will become personal data at the recipient, the source has an obligation to confirm that the person's consent has been obtained (Article 31). This concept was newly established by the 2020 amendment, with provisions designed with DMP (Data Management Platform) cookie linking in mind.\n::\n\n::heading\n[国]{くに:national government:N5}および[地方]{ちほう:local:N4}[公共]{こうきょう:public:N3}[団体]{だんたい:organization:N2}の[責務]{せきむ:duties:N3}・[施策]{しさく:policy measures:N1}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}4[条]{じょう:article:N1}〜13[条]{じょう:article:N1}）\n\n#en\nDuties and Policy Measures of National and Local Governments (Articles 4-13)\n::\n\n::para\n[法]{ほう:law:N3}[第]{だい:article:N1}4[条]{じょう:article:N1}〜[第]{だい:article:N1}13[条]{じょう:article:N1}は、[国]{くに:national government:N5}および[地方]{ちほう:local:N4}[公共]{こうきょう:public:N3}[団体]{だんたい:organization:N2}の[責務]{せきむ:duties:N3}と[施策]{しさく:policy measures:N1}を[規定]{きてい:stipulate:N3}しています。[国]{くに:national government:N5}は[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}の[適正]{てきせい:proper:N3}な[取扱い]{とりあつかい:handling:N1}に[関する]{かんする:regarding:N3}[施策]{しさく:policy measures:N1}を[総合的]{そうごうてき:comprehensively:N2}に[策定]{さくてい:formulate:N1}・[実施]{じっし:implement:N1}する[責務]{せきむ:duty:N3}を[負い]{おい:bears:N3}ます（[第]{だい:article:N1}4[条]{じょう:article:N1}）。[地方]{ちほう:local:N4}[公共]{こうきょう:public:N3}[団体]{だんたい:organization:N2}は、[国]{くに:national government:N5}の[施策]{しさく:policy measures:N1}に[準じて]{じゅんじて:in accordance with:N2}、その[区域]{くいき:area:N2}の[特性]{とくせい:characteristics:N3}に[応じた]{おうじた:suited to:N1}[施策]{しさく:policy measures:N1}を[策定]{さくてい:formulate:N1}・[実施]{じっし:implement:N1}する[責務]{せきむ:duty:N3}を[負います]{おいます:bears:N3}（[第]{だい:article:N1}5[条]{じょう:article:N1}）。\n\n#en\nArticles 4 through 13 stipulate the duties and policy measures of the national government and local public organizations. The national government bears the duty to comprehensively formulate and implement policy measures regarding the proper handling of personal information (Article 4). Local public organizations bear the duty to formulate and implement policy measures suited to the characteristics of their area, in accordance with national policy measures (Article 5).\n::\n\n::para\n[国]{くに:national government:N5}の[具体的]{ぐたいてき:specific:N3}な[施策]{しさく:policy measures:N1}として[以下]{いか:the following:N4}が[定められて]{さだめられて:stipulated:N3}います。[法制上]{ほうせいじょう:legal:N3}の[措置]{そち:measures:N1}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}（[第]{だい:article:N1}6[条]{じょう:article:N1}）：[必要]{ひつよう:necessary:N3}な[法律]{ほうりつ:laws:N2}・[制度]{せいど:systems:N3}の[整備]{せいび:development:N1}。[啓発]{けいはつ:awareness-raising:N1}[活動]{かつどう:activities:N3}（[第]{だい:article:N1}9[条]{じょう:article:N1}）：[国民]{こくみん:citizens:N3}への[教育]{きょういく:education:N3}・[広報]{こうほう:publicity:N3}[活動]{かつどう:activities:N3}。[苦情]{くじょう:complaint:N3}[処理]{しょり:handling:N3}のための[措置]{そち:measures:N1}（[第]{だい:article:N1}10[条]{じょう:article:N1}）：[苦情]{くじょう:complaint:N3}の[適切]{てきせつ:appropriate:N3}かつ[迅速]{じんそく:prompt:N1}な[処理]{しょり:handling:N3}のための[体制]{たいせい:system:N3}[整備]{せいび:development:N1}。[国際]{こくさい:international:N3}[協力]{きょうりょく:cooperation:N2}（[第]{だい:article:N1}8[条]{じょう:article:N1}）：[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}に[関する]{かんする:regarding:N3}[国際的]{こくさいてき:international:N3}な[取組]{とりくみ:efforts:N3}への[協力]{きょうりょく:cooperation:N2}。[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}の[適正]{てきせい:proper:N3}な[取扱い]{とりあつかい:handling:N1}を[確保]{かくほ:ensure:N1}するための[措置]{そち:measures:N1}（[第]{だい:article:N1}11[条]{じょう:article:N1}〜[第]{だい:article:N1}13[条]{じょう:article:N1}）。\n\n#en\nThe following specific national policy measures are stipulated: Legal measures, etc. (Article 6): development of necessary laws and systems. Awareness-raising activities (Article 9): education and publicity activities for citizens. Measures for complaint handling (Article 10): development of systems for appropriate and prompt complaint handling. International cooperation (Article 8): cooperation with international efforts regarding personal information protection. Measures to ensure proper handling of personal information (Articles 11-13).\n::\n\n::para\n[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}[委員会]{いいんかい:commission:N2}は、これらの[施策]{しさく:policy measures:N1}を[一元的]{いちげんてき:centrally:N4}に[担う]{になう:to bear:N2}[独立]{どくりつ:independent:N1}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}として[重要]{じゅうよう:important:N3}な[役割]{やくわり:role:N3}を[果たして]{はたして:to fulfill:N3}います。[内閣府]{ないかくふ:Cabinet Office:N1}の[外局]{がいきょく:external bureau:N3}として[設置]{せっち:established:N2}され、[監督]{かんとく:supervision:N1}[権限]{けんげん:authority:N3}（[報告]{ほうこく:reporting:N3}[徴収]{ちょうしゅう:collection:N1}、[立入]{たちいり:on-site:N4}[検査]{けんさ:inspection:N1}、[指導]{しどう:guidance:N2}、[助言]{じょげん:advice:N3}、[勧告]{かんこく:recommendation:N1}、[命令]{めいれい:order:N2}）を[有します]{ゆうします:has:N4}。2015[年]{ねん:year:N5}[改正]{かいせい:amendment:N2}で[権限]{けんげん:authority:N3}が[強化]{きょうか:strengthened:N3}され、[各]{かく:each:N2}[省庁]{しょうちょう:ministry:N2}が[持って]{もって:held:N4}いた[監督]{かんとく:supervisory:N1}[権限]{けんげん:authority:N3}を[集約]{しゅうやく:consolidated:N3}しました。\n\n#en\nThe Personal Information Protection Commission plays an important role as the independent agency that centrally manages these policy measures. Established as an external bureau of the Cabinet Office, it has supervisory authority (report collection, on-site inspection, guidance, advice, recommendation, orders). Its authority was strengthened by the 2015 amendment, consolidating supervisory authority previously held by various ministries.\n::\n\n::callout\n[試験]{しけん:exam:N4}[対策]{たいさく:preparation:N1}まとめ：①[法]{ほう:law:N3}1[条]{じょう:article:N1}＝[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}と[活用]{かつよう:utilization:N3}のバランス。②[法]{ほう:law:N3}3[条]{じょう:article:N1}＝[理念]{りねん:principle:N3}[規定]{きてい:provision:N3}、[義務]{ぎむ:obligation:N1}ではない。③[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}→[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}データ→[保有]{ほゆう:retained:N1}[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}データの[階層]{かいそう:hierarchy:N2}を[必ず]{かならず:definitely:N3}[覚える]{おぼえる:memorize:N3}。④[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}[識別]{しきべつ:identification:N3}[符号]{ふごう:code:N2}＝[身体的]{しんたいてき:bodily:N4}7[種]{しゅ:types:N3}＋[公的]{こうてき:official:N4}[番号]{ばんごう:numbers:N3}。⑤5,000[件]{けん:items:N3}[要件]{ようけん:requirement:N3}は[撤廃]{てっぱい:abolished:N1}[済み]{ずみ:already:N3}。⑥6か[月]{げつ:months:N5}[要件]{ようけん:requirement:N3}も[撤廃]{てっぱい:abolished:N1}[済み]{ずみ:already:N3}。⑦[仮名]{かめい:pseudonym:N1}＝[第三者]{だいさんしゃ:third party:N1}[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}[不可]{ふか:not possible:N4}、[匿名]{とくめい:anonymous:N1}＝[可能]{かのう:possible:N3}。\n\n#en\nEXAM SUMMARY: (1) Art.1 = balance between protection and utilization. (2) Art.3 = principle provision, NOT obligation. (3) MEMORIZE the hierarchy: personal information → personal data → retained personal data. (4) Personal identification codes = 7 bodily types + official numbers. (5) The 5,000-item requirement has been abolished. (6) The 6-month requirement has also been abolished. (7) Pseudonymized = NO third-party provision, Anonymized = YES.\n::\n",{"id":693,"title":699,"titleEn":700,"topicPath":701,"questions":702},"第２編 個人情報保護法の基本 確認テスト","Chapter 2: Basics of the Personal Information Protection Law — Practice Test","software\u002Fkojin-joho-hogo\u002Fkadai-1\u002Fhen-02-kihonhou",[703,730,754,778,801],{"id":704,"articleId":6,"question":705,"options":708,"correctLabel":710,"explanation":725,"tags":728},"kjh-k1-h02-q01",{"en":706,"jp":707},"Which of the following correctly defines \"personal information\" under the Personal Information Protection Law?","[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}[保護]{ほご:protection}[法]{ほう:law}における「[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}」の[定義]{ていぎ:definition}として[正]{ただ:correct}しいものはどれか。",[709,713,717,721],{"label":710,"jp":711,"en":712},"ア","[生存]{せいぞん:living}する[個人]{こじん:individual}に[関]{かん:related}する[情報]{じょうほう:information}で、[特定]{とくてい:specific}の[個人]{こじん:individual}を[識別]{しきべつ:identify}できるもの","Information related to a living individual that can identify a specific individual",{"label":714,"jp":715,"en":716},"イ","[生存]{せいぞん:living}・[死亡]{しぼう:deceased}を[問]{と:regardless}わず[個人]{こじん:individual}を[識別]{しきべつ:identify}できる[情報]{じょうほう:information}","Information that can identify an individual regardless of whether living or deceased",{"label":718,"jp":719,"en":720},"ウ","[法人]{ほうじん:corporation}に[関]{かん:related}する[情報]{じょうほう:information}も[含]{ふく:include}む","Also includes information related to corporations",{"label":722,"jp":723,"en":724},"エ","[暗号化]{あんごうか:encrypted}された[情報]{じょうほう:information}は[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}に[該当]{がいとう:applicable}しない","Encrypted information does not constitute personal information",{"en":726,"jp":727},"Personal information is \"information related to a living individual.\" Information about deceased persons is in principle excluded. Corporate information is also excluded. Even encrypted information still constitutes personal information.","[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}は「[生存]{せいぞん:living}する[個人]{こじん:individual}に[関]{かん:related}する[情報]{じょうほう:information}」であり、[死者]{ししゃ:deceased}の[情報]{じょうほう:information}は[原則]{げんそく:principle}[対象]{たいしょう:subject}[外]{がい:outside}。[法人]{ほうじん:corporation}[情報]{じょうほう:information}も[対象]{たいしょう:subject}[外]{がい:outside}。[暗号化]{あんごうか:encryption}しても[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}に[該当]{がいとう:applicable}する。",[729],"個人情報の定義",{"id":731,"articleId":6,"question":732,"options":735,"correctLabel":714,"explanation":748,"tags":751},"kjh-k1-h02-q02",{"en":733,"jp":734},"Which correctly describes the relationship among \"personal information,\" \"personal data,\" and \"retained personal data\"?","「[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}」「[個人]{こじん:personal}データ」「[保有]{ほゆう:retained}[個人]{こじん:personal}データ」の[関係]{かんけい:relationship}として[正]{ただ:correct}しいものはどれか。",[736,739,742,745],{"label":710,"jp":737,"en":738},"[個人]{こじん:personal}データ ⊃ [個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information} ⊃ [保有]{ほゆう:retained}[個人]{こじん:personal}データ","Personal data ⊃ Personal information ⊃ Retained personal data",{"label":714,"jp":740,"en":741},"[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information} ⊃ [個人]{こじん:personal}データ ⊃ [保有]{ほゆう:retained}[個人]{こじん:personal}データ","Personal information ⊃ Personal data ⊃ Retained personal data",{"label":718,"jp":743,"en":744},"[保有]{ほゆう:retained}[個人]{こじん:personal}データ ⊃ [個人]{こじん:personal}データ ⊃ [個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}","Retained personal data ⊃ Personal data ⊃ Personal information",{"label":722,"jp":746,"en":747},"3つは[同]{おな:same}じ[範囲]{はんい:scope}を[指]{さ:indicate}す","All three refer to the same scope",{"en":749,"jp":750},"Personal information is the broadest concept. Among that, systematized data constitutes personal data. Further, data over which a business operator has authority to disclose, correct, or delete constitutes retained personal data.","[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}が[最]{もっと:most}も[広]{ひろ:broad}い[概念]{がいねん:concept}で、そのうちデータベース[化]{か:systematized}されたものが[個人]{こじん:personal}データ、さらに[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator}が[開示]{かいじ:disclosure}・[訂正]{ていせい:correction}・[削除]{さくじょ:deletion}の[権限]{けんげん:authority}を[有]{ゆう:have}するものが[保有]{ほゆう:retained}[個人]{こじん:personal}データである。",[23,752,753],"個人データ","保有個人データ",{"id":755,"articleId":756,"question":757,"options":760,"correctLabel":722,"explanation":773,"tags":776},"kjh-k1-h02-q03","kjh-k1-h03-tekisei-shutoku",{"en":758,"jp":759},"Which of the following does NOT constitute \"special care-required personal information\"?","[次]{つぎ:following}のうち「[要]{よう:requiring}[配慮]{はいりょ:consideration}[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}」に[該当]{がいとう:applicable}しないものはどれか。",[761,764,767,770],{"label":710,"jp":762,"en":763},"[人種]{じんしゅ:race}","Race",{"label":714,"jp":765,"en":766},"[病歴]{びょうれき:medical history}","Medical history",{"label":718,"jp":768,"en":769},"[犯罪]{はんざい:criminal}の[経歴]{けいれき:record}","Criminal record",{"label":722,"jp":771,"en":772},"[年収]{ねんしゅう:annual income}","Annual income",{"en":774,"jp":775},"Special care-required personal information includes race, creed, social status, medical history, criminal record, and records of being a crime victim. Annual income is not included.","[要]{よう:requiring}[配慮]{はいりょ:consideration}[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}には[人種]{じんしゅ:race}、[信条]{しんじょう:creed}、[社会的]{しゃかいてき:social}[身分]{みぶん:status}、[病歴]{びょうれき:medical history}、[犯罪]{はんざい:criminal}の[経歴]{けいれき:record}、[犯罪]{はんざい:criminal}[被害]{ひがい:victim}[事実]{じじつ:fact}などが[含]{ふく:included}まれる。[年収]{ねんしゅう:annual income}は[該当]{がいとう:applicable}しない。",[777],"要配慮個人情報",{"id":779,"articleId":6,"question":780,"options":783,"correctLabel":718,"explanation":796,"tags":799},"kjh-k1-h02-q04",{"en":781,"jp":782},"Which of the following constitutes an individual identification code?","[個人]{こじん:personal}[識別]{しきべつ:identification}[符号]{ふごう:code}に[該当]{がいとう:applicable}するものはどれか。",[784,787,790,793],{"label":710,"jp":785,"en":786},"[氏名]{しめい:full name}","Full name",{"label":714,"jp":788,"en":789},"メールアドレス","Email address",{"label":718,"jp":791,"en":792},"[指紋]{しもん:fingerprint}[認識]{にんしき:recognition}データ","Fingerprint recognition data",{"label":722,"jp":794,"en":795},"[電話]{でんわ:telephone}[番号]{ばんごう:number}","Phone number",{"en":797,"jp":798},"Individual identification codes include data derived from physical characteristics (fingerprint, facial recognition data, etc.) and codes assigned for service use (My Number, passport number, etc.). Name, email address, and phone number do not qualify.","[個人]{こじん:personal}[識別]{しきべつ:identification}[符号]{ふごう:code}は、[身体]{しんたい:body}の[特徴]{とくちょう:characteristics}をデータ[化]{か:converted}したもの（[指紋]{しもん:fingerprint}、[顔]{かお:face}[認識]{にんしき:recognition}データなど）や、サービス[利用]{りよう:use}に[割]{わ:assigned}り[当]{あ:assigned}てられる[符号]{ふごう:code}（マイナンバー、パスポート[番号]{ばんごう:number}など）である。[氏名]{しめい:name}、メールアドレス、[電話]{でんわ:telephone}[番号]{ばんごう:number}は[該当]{がいとう:applicable}しない。",[800],"個人識別符号",{"id":802,"articleId":803,"question":804,"options":807,"correctLabel":714,"explanation":820,"tags":823},"kjh-k1-h02-q05","kjh-k1-h08-tokumei-kakou",{"en":805,"jp":806},"Which correctly describes a difference between pseudonymized information and anonymized information?","[仮名]{かめい:pseudonymized}[加工]{かこう:processed}[情報]{じょうほう:information}と[匿名]{とくめい:anonymized}[加工]{かこう:processed}[情報]{じょうほう:information}の[違]{ちが:difference}いとして[正]{ただ:correct}しいものはどれか。",[808,811,814,817],{"label":710,"jp":809,"en":810},"[仮名]{かめい:pseudonymized}[加工]{かこう:processed}[情報]{じょうほう:information}は[第三者]{だいさんしゃ:third party}[提供]{ていきょう:provision}が[自由]{じゆう:free}にできる","Pseudonymized information can be freely provided to third parties",{"label":714,"jp":812,"en":813},"[匿名]{とくめい:anonymized}[加工]{かこう:processed}[情報]{じょうほう:information}は[元]{もと:original}の[個人]{こじん:individual}を[復元]{ふくげん:restore}できないように[加工]{かこう:processed}する[必要]{ひつよう:necessary}がある","Anonymized information must be processed so the original individual cannot be restored",{"label":718,"jp":815,"en":816},"[仮名]{かめい:pseudonymized}[加工]{かこう:processed}[情報]{じょうほう:information}は2003[年]{ねん:year}の[法]{ほう:law}[制定]{せいてい:enactment}[時]{じ:time}から[存在]{そんざい:existed}する[概念]{がいねん:concept}である","Pseudonymized information is a concept that has existed since the law was enacted in 2003",{"label":722,"jp":818,"en":819},"[匿名]{とくめい:anonymized}[加工]{かこう:processed}[情報]{じょうほう:information}は[社内]{しゃない:within company}[利用]{りよう:use}のみ[可能]{かのう:possible}である","Anonymized information can only be used internally",{"en":821,"jp":822},"Anonymized information must be processed so restoration is impossible, and it can be provided to third parties. Pseudonymized information was introduced in the 2020 amendment, and third-party provision is in principle prohibited.","[匿名]{とくめい:anonymized}[加工]{かこう:processed}[情報]{じょうほう:information}は[復元]{ふくげん:restore}[不可能]{ふかのう:impossible}な[状態]{じょうたい:state}にする[必要]{ひつよう:necessary}があり、[第三者]{だいさんしゃ:third party}[提供]{ていきょう:provision}も[可能]{かのう:possible}。[仮名]{かめい:pseudonymized}[加工]{かこう:processed}[情報]{じょうほう:information}は2020[年]{ねん:year}[改正]{かいせい:amendment}で[導入]{どうにゅう:introduced}され、[第三者]{だいさんしゃ:third party}[提供]{ていきょう:provision}は[原則]{げんそく:principle}[禁止]{きんし:prohibited}。",[824,825],"仮名加工情報","匿名加工情報"]