[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article:kjh-k1-h10-gyousei":3},{"meta":4,"markdown":205,"quiz":206},{"type":5,"articleId":6,"slug":6,"title":7,"titleEn":8,"category":9,"order":10,"seriesLabel":11,"summary":12,"publishedAt":13,"image":14,"tags":15,"vocabulary":18,"quizId":201,"source":202},"article","kjh-k1-h10-gyousei","課題Ⅰ 第10編 行政機関等における個人情報等の取扱い","Part 10: Handling of Personal Information by Administrative Agencies","kojin-joho-hogo\u002Fkadai-1",1100,"課題Ⅰ 第10編","Comprehensive coverage of personal information handling by Japanese administrative agencies: the 2021 three-law integration (三法統合), differences from the private sector (legal basis vs consent, broader purpose-change standards, no opt-out), personal information file registers (法75条), individual rights (開示・訂正・利用停止請求), administrative appeal mechanisms, anonymized government data for private use (法109条-), centralized PPC oversight, and local government treatment under the unified law.","2026-04-26T00:00:00Z","https:\u002F\u002Fimages.yamiyomi.com\u002Fkjh-k1-h10-gyousei.png",[16,17],"exam:個人情報保護士","topic:行政機関",[19,24,29,33,37,41,45,49,53,57,61,65,69,73,77,81,85,89,93,97,101,105,109,113,117,121,125,129,133,137,141,145,149,153,157,161,165,169,173,177,181,185,189,193,197],{"word":20,"reading":21,"meaning":22,"level":23},"三法統合","さんぽうとうごう","three-law integration","N1",{"word":25,"reading":26,"meaning":27,"level":28},"改正","かいせい","amendment, revision","N2",{"word":30,"reading":31,"meaning":32,"level":23},"官民","かんみん","public and private sectors",{"word":34,"reading":35,"meaning":36,"level":28},"規律","きりつ","rules, discipline",{"word":38,"reading":39,"meaning":40,"level":23},"一本化","いっぽんか","unification, consolidation",{"word":42,"reading":43,"meaning":44,"level":28},"統合","とうごう","integration, unification",{"word":46,"reading":47,"meaning":48,"level":23},"並存","へいそん","coexistence",{"word":50,"reading":51,"meaning":52,"level":28},"条例","じょうれい","ordinance, bylaw",{"word":54,"reading":55,"meaning":56,"level":28},"制定","せいてい","enactment, establishment",{"word":58,"reading":59,"meaning":60,"level":28},"施行","しこう","enforcement, implementation",{"word":62,"reading":63,"meaning":64,"level":23},"不均衡","ふきんこう","imbalance, disparity",{"word":66,"reading":67,"meaning":68,"level":28},"行政機関","ぎょうせいきかん","administrative agency",{"word":70,"reading":71,"meaning":72,"level":23},"独立行政法人","どくりつぎょうせいほうじん","independent administrative agency",{"word":74,"reading":75,"meaning":76,"level":23},"地方公共団体","ちほうこうきょうだんたい","local public body",{"word":78,"reading":79,"meaning":80,"level":23},"府省庁","ふしょうちょう","ministry and agency",{"word":82,"reading":83,"meaning":84,"level":28},"根拠","こんきょ","basis, grounds",{"word":86,"reading":87,"meaning":88,"level":28},"同意","どうい","consent, agreement",{"word":90,"reading":91,"meaning":92,"level":28},"法令","ほうれい","laws and regulations",{"word":94,"reading":95,"meaning":96,"level":23},"所掌事務","しょしょうじむ","jurisdictional affairs",{"word":98,"reading":99,"meaning":100,"level":23},"遂行","すいこう","performance, execution",{"word":102,"reading":103,"meaning":104,"level":28},"保有","ほゆう","holding, possession",{"word":106,"reading":107,"meaning":108,"level":23},"相当の理由","そうとうのりゆう","reasonable justification",{"word":110,"reading":111,"meaning":112,"level":28},"関連性","かんれんせい","relevance, relatedness",{"word":114,"reading":115,"meaning":116,"level":23},"目的外利用","もくてきがいりよう","use outside stated purpose",{"word":118,"reading":119,"meaning":120,"level":23},"不開示","ふかいじ","non-disclosure",{"word":122,"reading":123,"meaning":124,"level":23},"開示","かいじ","disclosure",{"word":126,"reading":127,"meaning":128,"level":28},"訂正","ていせい","correction",{"word":130,"reading":131,"meaning":132,"level":23},"利用停止","りようていし","suspension of use",{"word":134,"reading":135,"meaning":136,"level":23},"請求権","せいきゅうけん","right to request, claim",{"word":138,"reading":139,"meaning":140,"level":23},"行政不服審査法","ぎょうせいふふくしんさほう","Administrative Appeal Act",{"word":142,"reading":143,"meaning":144,"level":23},"諮問","しもん","consultation, inquiry",{"word":146,"reading":147,"meaning":148,"level":23},"個人情報ファイル簿","こじんじょうほうファイルぼ","personal information file register",{"word":150,"reading":151,"meaning":152,"level":28},"透明性","とうめいせい","transparency",{"word":154,"reading":155,"meaning":156,"level":23},"匿名加工情報","とくめいかこうじょうほう","anonymized processed information",{"word":158,"reading":159,"meaning":160,"level":23},"識別","しきべつ","identification, distinction",{"word":162,"reading":163,"meaning":164,"level":23},"提案募集","ていあんぼしゅう","proposal solicitation",{"word":166,"reading":167,"meaning":168,"level":23},"締結","ていけつ","conclusion (of contract)",{"word":170,"reading":171,"meaning":172,"level":28},"手数料","てすうりょう","fee, charge",{"word":174,"reading":175,"meaning":176,"level":23},"一元的","いちげんてき","centralized, unified",{"word":178,"reading":179,"meaning":180,"level":23},"所管","しょかん","jurisdiction, control",{"word":182,"reading":183,"meaning":184,"level":23},"勧告","かんこく","recommendation",{"word":186,"reading":187,"meaning":188,"level":23},"実地調査","じっちちょうさ","on-site investigation",{"word":190,"reading":191,"meaning":192,"level":28},"格差","かくさ","disparity, gap",{"word":194,"reading":195,"meaning":196,"level":23},"権利救済","けんりきゅうさい","rights remedy",{"word":198,"reading":199,"meaning":200,"level":23},"公益","こうえき","public interest","kjh-k1-h10-quiz",{"name":203,"url":204},"個人情報保護士試験対策","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.joho-gakushu.or.jp\u002Fpiip\u002F","\n::para\n2021[年]{ねん:year:N5}の[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護法]{ほごほう:protection law:N1}[改正]{かいせい:amendment:N2}は、[日本]{にほん:Japan:N5}の[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}[制度]{せいど:system:N3}を[根本]{こんぽん:fundamentally:N2}から[変えた]{かえた:changed:N3}[画期的]{かっきてき:epoch-making:N3}な[改正]{かいせい:amendment:N2}です。この[改正]{かいせい:amendment:N2}の[最大]{さいだい:greatest:N3}の[目玉]{めだま:highlight:N2}は「[三法]{さんぽう:three laws:N3}[統合]{とうごう:integration:N1}」であり、[官民]{かんみん:public and private:N3}を[通じた]{つうじた:throughout:N4}[統一的]{とういつてき:unified:N1}な[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}のルールが[実現]{じつげん:realized:N3}しました。[本編]{ほんぺん:this part:N2}では、[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}における[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}の[取扱い]{とりあつかい:handling:N1}について、[試験]{しけん:exam:N4}に[出題]{しゅつだい:tested:N4}される[重要]{じゅうよう:important:N3}[論点]{ろんてん:issues:N3}を[網羅的]{もうらてき:comprehensively:N1}に[解説]{かいせつ:explain:N3}します。\n\n#en\nThe 2021 amendment to the Act on the Protection of Personal Information was an epoch-making reform that fundamentally changed Japan's personal information protection system. The greatest highlight of this amendment was the \"Three-Law Integration,\" which realized unified personal information protection rules across both public and private sectors. This part comprehensively explains the important issues tested on the exam regarding the handling of personal information by administrative agencies.\n::\n\n::heading\n[三法]{さんぽう:three laws:N3}[統合]{とうごう:integration:N1}（2021[年]{ねん:year:N5}[改正]{かいせい:amendment:N2}の[目玉]{めだま:highlight:N2}）\n\n#en\nThree-Law Integration (highlight of the 2021 amendment)\n::\n\n::para\n[三法]{さんぽう:three laws:N3}[統合]{とうごう:integration:N1}[以前]{いぜん:before:N4}、[日本]{にほん:Japan:N5}には[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}に[関する]{かんする:regarding:N3}[三]{さん:three:N5}つの[法律]{ほうりつ:law:N2}が[並存]{へいそん:coexisted:N2}していました。[第一]{だいいち:first:N1}に、[民間]{みんかん:private sector:N3}[部門]{ぶもん:sector:N2}を[対象]{たいしょう:subject:N2}とする[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護法]{ほごほう:protection law:N1}。[第二]{だいに:second:N1}に、[国]{くに:national:N5}の[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}を[対象]{たいしょう:subject:N2}とする[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護法]{ほごほう:protection law:N1}。[第三]{だいさん:third:N1}に、[独立]{どくりつ:independent:N1}[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[法人]{ほうじん:agency:N3}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}を[対象]{たいしょう:subject:N2}とする[独立]{どくりつ:independent:N1}[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[法人]{ほうじん:agency:N3}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護法]{ほごほう:protection law:N1}。さらに、[全国]{ぜんこく:nationwide:N3}に1,700[以上]{いじょう:or more:N4}ある[地方]{ちほう:local:N4}[公共]{こうきょう:public:N3}[団体]{だんたい:body:N2}がそれぞれ[独自]{どくじ:unique:N1}の[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}[条例]{じょうれい:ordinance:N1}を[制定]{せいてい:enacted:N3}しており、いわゆる「2,000[個]{こ:pieces:N2}[問題]{もんだい:problem:N4}」と[呼ばれる]{よばれる:called:N3}[混乱]{こんらん:confusion:N2}[状態]{じょうたい:state:N1}でした。\n\n#en\nBefore the Three-Law Integration, three laws concerning personal information protection coexisted in Japan. First, the Personal Information Protection Act targeting the private sector. Second, the Administrative Organs Personal Information Protection Act targeting national administrative agencies. Third, the Independent Administrative Agencies Personal Information Protection Act targeting independent administrative agencies. Furthermore, more than 1,700 local public bodies across the country had each enacted their own personal information protection ordinances, creating a state of confusion known as the \"2,000 ordinances problem.\"\n::\n\n::para\n2021[年]{ねん:year:N5}[改正]{かいせい:amendment:N2}により、これら[三]{さん:three:N5}[法]{ほう:laws:N3}は[一]{ひと:one:N5}つの[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護法]{ほごほう:protection law:N1}に[統合]{とうごう:integrated:N1}されました。[地方]{ちほう:local:N4}[公共]{こうきょう:public:N3}[団体]{だんたい:body:N2}も[同法]{どうほう:same law:N3}の[適用]{てきよう:application:N3}[対象]{たいしょう:subject:N2}に[含まれる]{ふくまれる:included:N2}ようになりました。[完全]{かんぜん:full:N3}[施行]{しこう:enforcement:N1}は2023[年]{ねん:year:N5}4[月]{がつ:month:N5}です。[統合]{とうごう:integration:N1}の[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}は[主]{おも:mainly:N4}に[三]{さん:three:N5}つあります。[第一]{だいいち:first:N1}に、[官民]{かんみん:public and private:N3}のデータ[連携]{れんけい:coordination:N1}の[推進]{すいしん:promotion:N1}。[第二]{だいに:second:N1}に、[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}の[不均衡]{ふきんこう:imbalance:N1}の[解消]{かいしょう:resolution:N3}。[第三]{だいさん:third:N1}に、デジタル[社会]{しゃかい:society:N4}への[対応]{たいおう:response:N1}です。\n\n#en\nThrough the 2021 amendment, these three laws were integrated into a single Personal Information Protection Act. Local public bodies were also included as subjects of the same law. Full enforcement was in April 2023. The purposes of integration were threefold: first, promotion of data coordination between public and private sectors; second, resolution of imbalances in personal information protection; third, response to the digital society.\n::\n\n::callout\n[試験]{しけん:exam:N4}のポイント：[三法]{さんぽう:three laws:N3}[統合]{とうごう:integration:N1}[以前]{いぜん:before:N4}の[三]{さん:three:N5}つの[法律]{ほうりつ:law:N2}の[名称]{めいしょう:names:N1}と[対象]{たいしょう:subjects:N2}、[統合]{とうごう:integration:N1}の[時期]{じき:timing:N3}（2023[年]{ねん:year:N5}4[月]{がつ:month:N5}[完全]{かんぜん:full:N3}[施行]{しこう:enforcement:N1}）、および[統合]{とうごう:integration:N1}の[三]{さん:three:N5}つの[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}は[頻出]{ひんしゅつ:frequently tested:N1}です。「2,000[個]{こ:pieces:N2}[問題]{もんだい:problem:N4}」という[用語]{ようご:term:N4}も[押さえて]{おさえて:master:N3}おきましょう。\n\n#en\nExam point: The names and subjects of the three laws before integration, the timing of integration (full enforcement April 2023), and the three purposes of integration are frequently tested. Also master the term \"2,000 ordinances problem.\"\n::\n\n::heading\n[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}の[定義]{ていぎ:definition:N1}\n\n#en\nDefinition of administrative agencies\n::\n\n::para\n[統合]{とうごう:integrated:N1}[後]{ご:after:N5}の[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護法]{ほごほう:protection law:N1}において、「[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}」とは[以下]{いか:the following:N4}の[四]{よん:four:N5}つを[指します]{さします:refers to:N3}。（1）[国]{くに:national:N5}の[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}（[各]{かく:each:N2}[府省庁]{ふしょうちょう:ministry and agency:N2}など）。（2）[独立]{どくりつ:independent:N1}[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[法人]{ほうじん:agency:N3}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}（[国立]{こくりつ:national:N4}[病院]{びょういん:hospital:N4}[機構]{きこう:organization:N3}、[日本]{にほん:Japan:N5}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}[機構]{きこう:organization:N3}など）。（3）[地方]{ちほう:local:N4}[公共]{こうきょう:public:N3}[団体]{だんたい:body:N2}の[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}（[都道府県]{とどうふけん:prefecture:N2}、[市区町村]{しくちょうそん:municipality:N2}）。（4）[地方]{ちほう:local:N4}[独立]{どくりつ:independent:N1}[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[法人]{ほうじん:agency:N3}（[公立]{こうりつ:public:N4}[大学]{だいがく:university:N5}[法人]{ほうじん:corporation:N3}など）。[重要]{じゅうよう:important:N3}な[注意点]{ちゅういてん:point to note:N3}として、[国会]{こっかい:Diet:N4}と[裁判所]{さいばんしょ:courts:N1}は[含まれません]{ふくまれません:not included:N2}。これらは[別途]{べっと:separately:N3}、それぞれの[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}が[独自]{どくじ:own:N1}の[規則]{きそく:rules:N2}で[対応]{たいおう:handle:N1}します。\n\n#en\nUnder the integrated Personal Information Protection Act, \"administrative agencies etc.\" refers to the following four categories: (1) National administrative agencies (ministries and agencies). (2) Independent administrative agencies (such as the National Hospital Organization and the Japan Pension Service). (3) Agencies of local public bodies (prefectures and municipalities). (4) Local independent administrative agencies (such as public university corporations). An important point to note: the Diet and courts are NOT included. These are handled separately by their own rules.\n::\n\n::callout\n[試験]{しけん:exam:N4}のポイント：「[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}」に[国会]{こっかい:Diet:N4}・[裁判所]{さいばんしょ:courts:N1}が[含まれない]{ふくまれない:not included:N2}ことは[頻出]{ひんしゅつ:frequently tested:N1}の[引っかけ]{ひっかけ:trick:N3}[問題]{もんだい:question:N4}です。[四]{よん:four:N5}つの[類型]{るいけい:categories:N2}を[正確]{せいかく:accurately:N3}に[暗記]{あんき:memorize:N3}しましょう。\n\n#en\nExam point: The fact that the Diet and courts are NOT included in \"administrative agencies etc.\" is a frequently tested trick question. Accurately memorize the four categories.\n::\n\n::heading\n[民間]{みんかん:private sector:N3}との[主な]{おもな:main:N4}[違い]{ちがい:differences:N3}\n\n#en\nMain differences from the private sector\n::\n\n::para\n[民間]{みんかん:private sector:N3}[部門]{ぶもん:sector:N2}と[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}の[最]{もっと:most:N3}も[根本的]{こんぽんてき:fundamental:N2}な[違い]{ちがい:difference:N3}は、[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}の[取得]{しゅとく:acquisition:N3}・[利用]{りよう:use:N3}の[根拠]{こんきょ:basis:N1}にあります。[民間]{みんかん:private sector:N3}[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}は、[原則]{げんそく:in principle:N2}として[本人]{ほんにん:individual:N5}の[同意]{どうい:consent:N4}を[得て]{えて:obtain:N3}[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}を[取扱います]{とりあつかいます:handle:N1}。しかし、[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}は[法令]{ほうれい:laws and regulations:N2}の[定める]{さだめる:stipulated:N3}[所掌]{しょしょう:jurisdiction:N1}[事務]{じむ:affairs:N3}の[遂行]{すいこう:performance:N1}に[必要]{ひつよう:necessary:N3}な[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}に[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}を[保有]{ほゆう:hold:N1}できます。つまり、[同意]{どうい:consent:N4}ではなく[法令]{ほうれい:laws and regulations:N2}の[根拠]{こんきょ:basis:N1}が[基本]{きほん:fundamental:N1}となります。これは[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}が[公益]{こうえき:public interest:N1}のために[活動]{かつどう:activity:N3}するという[性質]{せいしつ:nature:N3}に[由来]{ゆらい:derived from:N3}しています。\n\n#en\nThe most fundamental difference between the private sector and administrative agencies lies in the basis for acquiring and using personal information. Private sector business operators handle personal information based in principle on individual consent. However, administrative agencies may hold personal information when necessary for performing affairs under their jurisdiction as stipulated by laws and regulations. In other words, the basis is legal authority rather than consent. This derives from the nature of government acting in the public interest.\n::\n\n::para\n[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}の[変更]{へんこう:change:N3}についても、[民間]{みんかん:private sector:N3}と[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}では[基準]{きじゅん:standard:N1}が[異なります]{ことなります:differs:N1}。[民間]{みんかん:private sector:N3}[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}は、[変更]{へんこう:change:N3}[前]{まえ:before:N5}の[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}と「[関連性]{かんれんせい:relevance:N3}を[有する]{ゆうする:have:N4}と[合理的]{ごうりてき:reasonably:N3}に[認められる]{みとめられる:recognized:N3}[範囲]{はんい:scope:N1}」でしか[変更]{へんこう:change:N3}できません。[一方]{いっぽう:on the other hand:N4}、[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}は、「[相当]{そうとう:reasonable:N3}の[理由]{りゆう:reason:N3}がある[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}」に[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}を[変更]{へんこう:change:N3}できます。この「[相当]{そうとう:reasonable:N3}の[理由]{りゆう:reason:N3}」は[民間]{みんかん:private sector:N3}の[基準]{きじゅん:standard:N1}より[広い]{ひろい:broader:N4}[概念]{がいねん:concept:N1}であり、[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}の[柔軟性]{じゅうなんせい:flexibility:N2}を[確保]{かくほ:ensuring:N1}するための[規定]{きてい:provision:N3}です。\n\n#en\nThe standards for changing the purpose of use also differ between private and administrative sectors. Private sector operators can only change the purpose within a \"scope reasonably recognized as relevant\" to the original purpose. On the other hand, administrative agencies can change the purpose of use \"when there is a reasonable justification.\" This \"reasonable justification\" is a broader concept than the private sector standard, and is a provision to ensure administrative flexibility.\n::\n\n::para\n[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}[外]{がい:outside:N5}の[利用]{りよう:use:N3}・[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}は[原則]{げんそく:in principle:N2}[禁止]{きんし:prohibited:N2}ですが、[法]{ほう:article:N3}69[条]{じょう:article:N1}2[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}に[例外]{れいがい:exception:N3}が[定められて]{さだめられて:stipulated:N3}います。[具体的]{ぐたいてき:specifically:N3}には、[本人]{ほんにん:individual:N5}の[同意]{どうい:consent:N4}がある[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}、[法令]{ほうれい:laws and regulations:N2}に[基づく]{もとづく:based on:N1}[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}、[本人]{ほんにん:individual:N5}や[第三者]{だいさんしゃ:third party:N1}の[生命]{せいめい:life:N3}・[身体]{しんたい:body:N4}・[財産]{ざいさん:property:N3}の[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}に[必要]{ひつよう:necessary:N3}な[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}、そして[他]{ほか:other:N3}の[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}に[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}する[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}で「[相当]{そうとう:reasonable:N3}の[理由]{りゆう:reason:N3}」があるときが[挙げられます]{あげられます:listed:N1}。[特に]{とくに:especially:N4}、[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}[間]{かん:between:N5}の[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[共有]{きょうゆう:sharing:N3}が「[相当]{そうとう:reasonable:N3}の[理由]{りゆう:reason:N3}」で[認められる]{みとめられる:permitted:N3}[点]{てん:point:N3}は、[民間]{みんかん:private sector:N3}にはない[特徴]{とくちょう:feature:N1}です。また、[民間]{みんかん:private sector:N3}にあるオプトアウト[制度]{せいど:mechanism:N3}は[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}には[適用]{てきよう:applied:N3}されません。\n\n#en\nUse and provision outside the stated purpose are prohibited in principle, but exceptions are stipulated in Article 69, Paragraph 2. Specifically: when there is individual consent; when based on laws and regulations; when necessary for protecting life, body, or property of the individual or a third party; and when providing to other administrative agencies with \"reasonable justification.\" In particular, the fact that information sharing between administrative agencies is permitted under \"reasonable justification\" is a feature not found in the private sector. Furthermore, the opt-out mechanism available in the private sector does not apply to administrative agencies.\n::\n\n::callout\n[試験]{しけん:exam:N4}のポイント：[民間]{みんかん:private sector:N3}との[違い]{ちがい:difference:N3}は[比較]{ひかく:comparison:N1}[問題]{もんだい:question:N4}で[頻出]{ひんしゅつ:frequently tested:N1}です。（1）[同意]{どうい:consent:N4} vs [法令]{ほうれい:legal:N2}の[根拠]{こんきょ:basis:N1}、（2）[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}[変更]{へんこう:change:N3}の[基準]{きじゅん:standard:N1}の[違い]{ちがい:difference:N3}（「[関連性]{かんれんせい:relevance:N3}」vs「[相当]{そうとう:reasonable:N3}の[理由]{りゆう:reason:N3}」）、（3）オプトアウトなし、（4）[法]{ほう:article:N3}69[条]{じょう:article:N1}2[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}の[例外]{れいがい:exceptions:N3}を[整理]{せいり:organize:N1}しておきましょう。\n\n#en\nExam point: Differences from the private sector are frequently tested in comparison questions. Organize: (1) consent vs. legal basis, (2) difference in standards for changing purpose of use (\"relevance\" vs. \"reasonable justification\"), (3) no opt-out, (4) exceptions under Article 69, Paragraph 2.\n::\n\n::heading\n[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}ファイル[簿]{ぼ:register:N1}（[法]{ほう:article:N3}75[条]{じょう:article:N1}）\n\n#en\nPersonal information file registers (Article 75)\n::\n\n::para\n[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}ファイル[簿]{ぼ:register:N1}は、[法]{ほう:article:N3}75[条]{じょう:article:N1}に[基づく]{もとづく:based on:N1}[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}[特有]{とくゆう:unique:N4}の[制度]{せいど:system:N3}です。[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}の[長]{ちょう:head:N5}（[大臣]{だいじん:minister:N2}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}）は、[保有]{ほゆう:held:N1}する[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}ファイルについて[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}ファイル[簿]{ぼ:register:N1}を[作成]{さくせい:create:N3}し、[公表]{こうひょう:publish:N3}しなければなりません。\n\n#en\nThe personal information file register is a system unique to administrative agencies based on Article 75. The head of an administrative agency (minister, etc.) must create and publish a personal information file register for held personal information files.\n::\n\n::para\n[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}ファイル[簿]{ぼ:register:N1}には、[以下]{いか:the following:N4}の[事項]{じこう:items:N1}が[記載]{きさい:described:N1}されます。ファイルの[名称]{めいしょう:name:N1}、[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}、[記録]{きろく:recorded:N2}[項目]{こうもく:items:N1}、[記録]{きろく:recorded:N2}[範囲]{はんい:scope:N1}（[対象者]{たいしょうしゃ:subjects:N2}）、[収集]{しゅうしゅう:collection:N3}[方法]{ほうほう:method:N3}、[提供先]{ていきょうさき:provision destination:N1}などです。[民間]{みんかん:private sector:N3}[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}にも[保有]{ほゆう:held:N1}[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}データの[公表]{こうひょう:publication:N3}[義務]{ぎむ:obligation:N1}がありますが、[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}の[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}ファイル[簿]{ぼ:register:N1}はより[詳細]{しょうさい:detailed:N1}かつ[義務的]{ぎむてき:mandatory:N1}です。[国民]{こくみん:citizens:N3}の[知る]{しる:know:N4}[権利]{けんり:right:N3}と[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}の[透明性]{とうめいせい:transparency:N1}[確保]{かくほ:ensuring:N1}が[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}です。\n\n#en\nThe personal information file register includes the following items: file name, purpose of use, recorded items, scope of records (subjects), collection method, provision destination, etc. While private sector operators also have a publication obligation for held personal data, the administrative personal information file register is more detailed and mandatory. Its purpose is to ensure citizens' right to know and administrative transparency.\n::\n\n::heading\n[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}の[権利]{けんり:rights:N3}と[救済]{きゅうさい:remedy:N1}\n\n#en\nIndividual rights and remedies\n::\n\n::para\n[本人]{ほんにん:individual:N5}は、[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}に[対して]{たいして:toward:N3}[保有]{ほゆう:held:N1}[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}の[開示]{かいじ:disclosure:N3}を[請求]{せいきゅう:request:N1}できます（[法]{ほう:article:N3}76[条]{じょう:article:N1}）。ただし、[民間]{みんかん:private sector:N3}にはない[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[特有]{とくゆう:unique:N4}の[不開示]{ふかいじ:non-disclosure:N3}[事由]{じゆう:reasons:N3}があります。[国]{くに:national:N5}の[安全]{あんぜん:safety:N3}に[関する]{かんする:regarding:N3}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}、[外交]{がいこう:diplomatic:N3}[関係]{かんけい:relations:N3}に[支障]{ししょう:hindrance:N1}を[及ぼす]{およぼす:cause:N1}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}、[犯罪]{はんざい:crime:N3}[捜査]{そうさ:investigation:N2}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}に[支障]{ししょう:hindrance:N1}を[及ぼす]{およぼす:cause:N1}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}、[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}の[適正]{てきせい:proper:N3}な[運営]{うんえい:operation:N2}に[支障]{ししょう:hindrance:N1}を[及ぼす]{およぼす:cause:N1}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}などが[不開示]{ふかいじ:non-disclosure:N3}の[対象]{たいしょう:subject:N2}です。\n\n#en\nIndividuals can request disclosure of held personal information from administrative agencies (Article 76). However, there are government-specific non-disclosure reasons not found in the private sector: information related to national security, information that would hinder diplomatic relations, information that would hinder criminal investigations, and information that would hinder proper administrative operations.\n::\n\n::para\n[開示]{かいじ:disclosure:N3}[請求]{せいきゅう:request:N1}に[加えて]{くわえて:in addition to:N3}、[本人]{ほんにん:individual:N5}には[訂正]{ていせい:correction:N1}[請求]{せいきゅう:request:N1}（[法]{ほう:article:N3}90[条]{じょう:article:N1}）と[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[停止]{ていし:suspension:N2}[請求]{せいきゅう:request:N1}（[法]{ほう:article:N3}98[条]{じょう:article:N1}）の[権利]{けんり:right:N3}があります。[訂正]{ていせい:correction:N1}[請求]{せいきゅう:request:N1}は、[事実]{じじつ:factual:N3}に[誤り]{あやまり:error:N3}がある[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}に[行います]{おこないます:make:N5}。[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[停止]{ていし:suspension:N2}[請求]{せいきゅう:request:N1}は、[違法]{いほう:illegal:N3}に[取得]{しゅとく:obtained:N3}された[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}や[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}[外]{がい:outside:N5}[利用]{りよう:use:N3}がなされた[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}に[行います]{おこないます:make:N5}。これらの[請求]{せいきゅう:request:N1}を[行う]{おこなう:make:N5}には[手数料]{てすうりょう:fee:N3}が[必要]{ひつよう:required:N3}です。\n\n#en\nIn addition to disclosure requests, individuals have the right to make correction requests (Article 90) and use suspension requests (Article 98). Correction requests are made when there are factual errors. Use suspension requests are made when information was illegally obtained or used outside its purpose. A fee is required to make these requests.\n::\n\n::para\n[開示]{かいじ:disclosure:N3}[決定]{けってい:decision:N3}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}に[不服]{ふふく:dissatisfaction:N4}がある[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}、[本人]{ほんにん:individual:N5}は[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[不服]{ふふく:dissatisfaction:N4}[審査法]{しんさほう:review act:N1}に[基づく]{もとづく:based on:N1}[審査]{しんさ:review:N1}[請求]{せいきゅう:request:N1}ができます。この[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}、[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}の[長]{ちょう:head:N5}は[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[公開]{こうかい:disclosure:N4}・[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}[審査会]{しんさかい:review board:N1}に[諮問]{しもん:consultation:N1}しなければなりません。[審査会]{しんさかい:review board:N1}は[第三者]{だいさんしゃ:third party:N1}[機関]{きかん:body:N3}として[公正]{こうせい:fair:N4}な[判断]{はんだん:judgment:N3}を[行い]{おこない:carry out:N5}、[国民]{こくみん:citizens:N3}の[権利]{けんり:rights:N3}[救済]{きゅうさい:remedy:N1}を[図ります]{はかります:ensures:N4}。これは[民間]{みんかん:private sector:N3}における[裁判]{さいばん:lawsuit:N1}[手続き]{てつづき:procedures:N3}とは[異なる]{ことなる:different:N1}、[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[固有]{こゆう:inherent:N2}の[救済]{きゅうさい:remedy:N1}[手段]{しゅだん:means:N3}です。\n\n#en\nWhen dissatisfied with a disclosure decision, the individual can make a review request based on the Administrative Appeal Act. In this case, the head of the administrative agency must consult the Information Disclosure and Personal Information Protection Review Board. The review board, as a third-party body, makes fair judgments and ensures remedy of citizens' rights. This is an administrative-specific remedy mechanism different from lawsuit procedures in the private sector.\n::\n\n::callout\n[試験]{しけん:exam:N4}のポイント：[三]{さん:three:N5}つの[請求権]{せいきゅうけん:right to request:N1}（[開示]{かいじ:disclosure:N3}・[訂正]{ていせい:correction:N1}・[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[停止]{ていし:suspension:N2}）の[条文]{じょうぶん:article:N1}[番号]{ばんごう:number:N3}（76[条]{じょう:article:N1}・90[条]{じょう:article:N1}・98[条]{じょう:article:N1}）と[不開示]{ふかいじ:non-disclosure:N3}[事由]{じゆう:reasons:N3}（[国]{くに:national:N5}の[安全]{あんぜん:safety:N3}、[外交]{がいこう:diplomatic:N3}、[犯罪]{はんざい:crime:N3}[捜査]{そうさ:investigation:N2}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}）は[暗記]{あんき:memorize:N3}[必須]{ひっす:essential:N1}です。[不服]{ふふく:dissatisfaction:N4}[申立て]{もうしたて:appeal:N3}の[仕組み]{しくみ:mechanism:N3}（[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[不服]{ふふく:appeal:N4}[審査法]{しんさほう:review act:N1} + [審査会]{しんさかい:review board:N1}への[諮問]{しもん:consultation:N1}）も[重要]{じゅうよう:important:N3}です。\n\n#en\nExam point: The article numbers for the three request rights (disclosure: Art. 76, correction: Art. 90, use suspension: Art. 98) and non-disclosure reasons (national security, diplomacy, criminal investigation) are essential to memorize. The appeal mechanism (Administrative Appeal Act + consultation with review board) is also important.\n::\n\n::heading\n[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}[匿名]{とくめい:anonymous:N1}[加工]{かこう:processed:N3}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}（[法]{ほう:article:N3}109[条]{じょう:article:N1}〜）\n\n#en\nAnonymized processed information from administrative agencies (Article 109-)\n::\n\n::para\n[法]{ほう:article:N3}109[条]{じょう:article:N1}[以降]{いこう:onwards:N3}に[規定]{きてい:stipulated:N3}される[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}[匿名]{とくめい:anonymous:N1}[加工]{かこう:processed:N3}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}は、[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}が[保有]{ほゆう:held:N1}する[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}を[特定]{とくてい:specific:N3}の[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}を[識別]{しきべつ:identify:N3}できないように[加工]{かこう:processed:N3}し、[民間]{みんかん:private sector:N3}[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}に[提供]{ていきょう:provide:N1}する[制度]{せいど:system:N3}です。[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}は、[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}が[蓄積]{ちくせき:accumulated:N1}した[膨大]{ぼうだい:vast:N1}なデータを[民間]{みんかん:private sector:N3}の[研究]{けんきゅう:research:N4}・[分析]{ぶんせき:analysis:N1}・[新]{しん:new:N4}サービス[開発]{かいはつ:development:N4}に[活用]{かつよう:utilize:N3}することです。\n\n#en\nAnonymized processed information from administrative agencies, stipulated in Article 109 onwards, is a system where personal information held by the government is processed so that specific individuals cannot be identified and provided to private sector operators. The purpose is to utilize the vast data accumulated by the government for private sector research, analysis, and new service development.\n::\n\n::para\nこの[制度]{せいど:system:N3}の[特徴]{とくちょう:feature:N1}は[提案]{ていあん:proposal:N1}[募集]{ぼしゅう:solicitation:N2}の[仕組み]{しくみ:mechanism:N3}です。[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}が[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}[可能]{かのう:possible:N3}なデータの[概要]{がいよう:outline:N1}を[公表]{こうひょう:publish:N3}し、[民間]{みんかん:private sector:N3}[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}が[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[方法]{ほうほう:method:N3}を[提案]{ていあん:propose:N1}します。[審査]{しんさ:examination:N1}に[合格]{ごうかく:pass:N3}した[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}と[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[契約]{けいやく:contract:N1}を[締結]{ていけつ:conclude:N1}し、[手数料]{てすうりょう:fee:N3}の[納付]{のうふ:payment:N1}を[経て]{へて:through:N3}[提供]{ていきょう:provided:N1}されます。[民間]{みんかん:private sector:N3}の[匿名]{とくめい:anonymous:N1}[加工]{かこう:processed:N3}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}とは[異なり]{ことなり:unlike:N1}、[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}の[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}は[提案]{ていあん:proposal:N1}[募集]{ぼしゅう:solicitation:N2}[手続き]{てつづき:procedures:N3}が[必須]{ひっす:essential:N1}であり、[勝手]{かって:arbitrarily:N3}にデータを[提供]{ていきょう:provide:N1}することはできません。\n\n#en\nA distinguishing feature of this system is the proposal solicitation mechanism. The administrative agency publishes an outline of available data, and private sector operators propose how they want to use it. After passing examination, a usage contract is concluded and the data is provided upon payment of a fee. Unlike private sector anonymized processed information, the government case requires a mandatory proposal solicitation process and cannot arbitrarily provide data.\n::\n\n::heading\n[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}[委員会]{いいんかい:commission:N2}の[一元的]{いちげんてき:centralized:N4}[監督]{かんとく:supervision:N1}\n\n#en\nCentralized supervision by the Personal Information Protection Commission\n::\n\n::para\n2021[年]{ねん:year:N5}[改正]{かいせい:amendment:N2}[以前]{いぜん:before:N4}は、[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}に[対する]{たいする:toward:N3}[監督]{かんとく:supervision:N1}は[総務]{そうむ:general affairs:N2}[大臣]{だいじん:minister:N2}が[担って]{になって:bore:N2}いました。[改正]{かいせい:amendment:N2}[後]{ご:after:N5}は、[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}[委員会]{いいんかい:commission:N2}（PPC）が[官民]{かんみん:public and private:N3}を[通じて]{つうじて:throughout:N4}[一元的]{いちげんてき:centralized:N4}に[監視]{かんし:monitoring:N1}・[監督]{かんとく:supervision:N1}を[行います]{おこないます:carry out:N5}。PPCは[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}に[対して]{たいして:toward:N3}も、[資料]{しりょう:materials:N3}の[提出]{ていしゅつ:submission:N1}の[要求]{ようきゅう:demand:N3}、[実地]{じっち:on-site:N3}[調査]{ちょうさ:investigation:N2}、[指導]{しどう:guidance:N2}、[助言]{じょげん:advice:N3}、そして[勧告]{かんこく:recommendation:N1}を[行う]{おこなう:carry out:N5}ことができます。ただし、[民間]{みんかん:private sector:N3}に[対する]{たいする:toward:N3}[命令]{めいれい:order:N2}[権限]{けんげん:authority:N3}とは[異なり]{ことなり:unlike:N1}、[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}に[対して]{たいして:toward:N3}は[勧告]{かんこく:recommendation:N1}までであり、[命令]{めいれい:order:N2}は[出せません]{だせません:cannot issue:N5}。\n\n#en\nBefore the 2021 amendment, the Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications bore the supervision of administrative agencies. After the amendment, the Personal Information Protection Commission (PPC) carries out centralized monitoring and supervision across public and private sectors. The PPC can demand submission of materials, conduct on-site investigations, provide guidance and advice, and issue recommendations to administrative agencies. However, unlike the order authority toward the private sector, the PPC can only issue recommendations to administrative agencies and cannot issue orders.\n::\n\n::callout\n[試験]{しけん:exam:N4}のポイント：PPCの[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}に[対する]{たいする:toward:N3}[権限]{けんげん:authority:N3}は「[勧告]{かんこく:recommendation:N1}」までです。[民間]{みんかん:private sector:N3}には[命令]{めいれい:order:N2}・[罰則]{ばっそく:penalties:N1}まで[可能]{かのう:possible:N3}ですが、[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}には[命令]{めいれい:order:N2}を[出せない]{だせない:cannot issue:N5}[点]{てん:point:N3}に[注意]{ちゅうい:attention:N4}。[改正]{かいせい:amendment:N2}[前]{まえ:before:N5}の[監督]{かんとく:supervision:N1}[主体]{しゅたい:entity:N4}（[総務]{そうむ:general affairs:N2}[大臣]{だいじん:minister:N2}）からの[変更]{へんこう:change:N3}も[問われます]{とわれます:is asked:N4}。\n\n#en\nExam point: The PPC's authority toward administrative agencies goes up to \"recommendation\" only. While orders and penalties are possible toward the private sector, orders cannot be issued to administrative agencies. The change from the pre-amendment supervisory entity (Minister for Internal Affairs) is also tested.\n::\n\n::heading\n[地方]{ちほう:local:N4}[公共]{こうきょう:public:N3}[団体]{だんたい:body:N2}の[取扱い]{とりあつかい:treatment:N1}\n\n#en\nTreatment of local public bodies\n::\n\n::para\n[三法]{さんぽう:three laws:N3}[統合]{とうごう:integration:N1}[以前]{いぜん:before:N4}、[地方]{ちほう:local:N4}[公共]{こうきょう:public:N3}[団体]{だんたい:body:N2}は[各自]{かくじ:each:N2}の[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}[条例]{じょうれい:ordinance:N1}で[運用]{うんよう:operated:N4}していました。[先進的]{せんしんてき:advanced:N3}な[条例]{じょうれい:ordinance:N1}を[持つ]{もつ:have:N4}[自治体]{じちたい:municipality:N3}もあれば、[不十分]{ふじゅうぶん:insufficient:N4}な[自治体]{じちたい:municipality:N3}もあり、[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}[水準]{すいじゅん:level:N2}に[大きな]{おおきな:major:N5}[格差]{かくさ:disparity:N3}がありました。[改正]{かいせい:amendment:N2}[後]{ご:after:N5}は、[全国]{ぜんこく:nationwide:N3}[統一]{とういつ:unified:N1}の[法律]{ほうりつ:law:N2}の[下]{もと:under:N5}に[置かれる]{おかれる:placed:N3}ことになりました。\n\n#en\nBefore the Three-Law Integration, local public bodies operated under their own personal information protection ordinances. Some municipalities had advanced ordinances while others were insufficient, creating major disparities in protection levels. After the amendment, they were placed under a nationally unified law.\n::\n\n::para\nただし、[統一法]{とういつほう:unified law:N1}の[下]{もと:under:N5}でも、[地方]{ちほう:local:N4}[公共]{こうきょう:public:N3}[団体]{だんたい:body:N2}が[条例]{じょうれい:ordinance:N1}で[独自]{どくじ:unique:N1}に[定める]{さだめる:stipulate:N3}ことが[認められる]{みとめられる:permitted:N3}[事項]{じこう:matters:N1}もあります。[例えば]{たとえば:for example:N3}、[開示]{かいじ:disclosure:N3}[請求]{せいきゅう:request:N1}の[手数料]{てすうりょう:fee:N3}を[条例]{じょうれい:ordinance:N1}で[定める]{さだめる:stipulate:N3}こと、[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}[審査会]{しんさかい:review board:N1}の[設置]{せっち:establishment:N2}、[特別]{とくべつ:special:N4}な[配慮]{はいりょ:consideration:N1}を[要する]{ようする:require:N3}[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}の[取扱い]{とりあつかい:handling:N1}に[関する]{かんする:regarding:N3}[条例]{じょうれい:ordinance:N1}[独自]{どくじ:unique:N1}の[規定]{きてい:provisions:N3}などです。[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}[委員会]{いいんかい:commission:N2}は[地方]{ちほう:local:N4}[公共]{こうきょう:public:N3}[団体]{だんたい:body:N2}に[対して]{たいして:toward:N3}[技術的]{ぎじゅつてき:technical:N2}な[助言]{じょげん:advice:N3}や[指導]{しどう:guidance:N2}を[提供]{ていきょう:provide:N1}します。\n\n#en\nHowever, even under the unified law, there are matters that local public bodies are permitted to stipulate independently by ordinance. For example, setting disclosure request fees by ordinance, establishing personal information protection review boards, and ordinance-specific provisions regarding the handling of personal information requiring special consideration. The Personal Information Protection Commission provides technical advice and guidance to local public bodies.\n::\n\n::callout\n[試験]{しけん:exam:N4}のポイント：[地方]{ちほう:local:N4}[公共]{こうきょう:public:N3}[団体]{だんたい:body:N2}は[統一法]{とういつほう:unified law:N1}の[適用]{てきよう:application:N3}[対象]{たいしょう:subject:N2}になりましたが、[一部]{いちぶ:some:N3}[条例]{じょうれい:ordinance:N1}[制定]{せいてい:enactment:N3}が[認められる]{みとめられる:permitted:N3}[点]{てん:point:N3}は[頻出]{ひんしゅつ:frequently tested:N1}です。「[全て]{すべて:all:N3}[条例]{じょうれい:ordinances:N1}が[廃止]{はいし:abolished:N1}された」は[誤り]{あやまり:incorrect:N3}。[条例]{じょうれい:ordinance:N1}で[定められる]{さだめられる:stipulated:N3}[範囲]{はんい:scope:N1}を[正確]{せいかく:accurately:N3}に[理解]{りかい:understand:N3}しましょう。\n\n#en\nExam point: While local public bodies became subject to the unified law, the fact that some ordinance enactment is still permitted is frequently tested. \"All ordinances were abolished\" is INCORRECT. Accurately understand the scope of what can be stipulated by ordinance.\n::\n",{"id":201,"title":207,"titleEn":208,"topicPath":209,"questions":210},"第10編 行政機関等における個人情報保護 確認テスト","Chapter 10: Personal Information Protection in Government Agencies — Practice Test","software\u002Fkojin-joho-hogo\u002Fkadai-1\u002Fhen-10-gyousei-kikan",[211,238,261,283],{"id":212,"articleId":213,"question":214,"options":217,"correctLabel":223,"explanation":234,"tags":237},"kjh-k1-h10-q01","kjh-k1-h01-hotaikei",{"en":215,"jp":216},"Which of the following is correct about the \"unification of three laws\" regarding personal information protection?","[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}[保護]{ほご:protection}に[関]{かん:related}する「[三]{さん:three}[法]{ほう:law}[統合]{とうごう:unification}」について[正]{ただ:correct}しいものはどれか。",[218,222,226,230],{"label":219,"jp":220,"en":221},"ア","2015[年]{ねん:year}[改正]{かいせい:amendment}で[統合]{とうごう:unified}された","They were unified in the 2015 amendment",{"label":223,"jp":224,"en":225},"イ","[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}[保護]{ほご:protection}[法]{ほう:law}、[行政]{ぎょうせい:government}[機関]{きかん:agency}[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}[保護]{ほご:protection}[法]{ほう:law}、[独立]{どくりつ:independent}[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative}[法人]{ほうじん:corporation}[等]{とう:etc.}[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}[保護]{ほご:protection}[法]{ほう:law}が[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}[保護]{ほご:protection}[法]{ほう:law}に[一本化]{いっぽんか:consolidated}された","The Personal Information Protection Law, Government Agency Personal Information Protection Law, and Independent Administrative Corporation Personal Information Protection Law were consolidated into the Personal Information Protection Law",{"label":227,"jp":228,"en":229},"ウ","[統合]{とうごう:unification}により[行政]{ぎょうせい:government}[機関]{きかん:agency}にも[民間]{みんかん:private sector}と[完全]{かんぜん:completely}に[同]{おな:same}じルールが[適用]{てきよう:applied}される","With unification, exactly the same rules apply to government agencies as to the private sector",{"label":231,"jp":232,"en":233},"エ","[三]{さん:three}[法]{ほう:law}[統合]{とうごう:unification}はまだ[実現]{じつげん:realized}していない","The unification of three laws has not yet been realized",{"en":235,"jp":236},"The 2021 amendment (enforced 2022) consolidated the three laws into the Personal Information Protection Law. However, government agencies have unique rules (such as use based on laws), so the rules are not completely the same as for the private sector.","2021[年]{ねん:year}[改正]{かいせい:amendment}（2022[年]{ねん:year}[施行]{しこう:enforcement}）で[三]{さん:three}[法]{ほう:law}が[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}[保護]{ほご:protection}[法]{ほう:law}に[一本化]{いっぽんか:consolidated}された。ただし[行政]{ぎょうせい:government}[機関]{きかん:agency}には[固有]{こゆう:unique}の[規律]{きりつ:rules}（[法令]{ほうれい:laws}に[基]{もと:based}づく[利用]{りよう:use}など）があり、[民間]{みんかん:private sector}と[完全]{かんぜん:completely}に[同]{おな:same}じではない。",[20],{"id":239,"articleId":6,"question":240,"options":243,"correctLabel":227,"explanation":256,"tags":259},"kjh-k1-h10-q02",{"en":241,"jp":242},"Which of the following is a point where personal information handling by government agencies differs from the private sector?","[行政]{ぎょうせい:government}[機関]{きかん:agency}における[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}の[取]{と:handling}り[扱]{あつか:handling}いで、[民間]{みんかん:private sector}と[異]{こと:different}なる[点]{てん:point}はどれか。",[244,247,250,253],{"label":219,"jp":245,"en":246},"[安全]{あんぜん:safety}[管理]{かんり:management}[措置]{そち:measures}は[不要]{ふよう:unnecessary}","Safety management measures are unnecessary",{"label":223,"jp":248,"en":249},"[利用]{りよう:use}[目的]{もくてき:purpose}の[特定]{とくてい:specification}は[不要]{ふよう:unnecessary}","Specification of purpose of use is unnecessary",{"label":227,"jp":251,"en":252},"[本人]{ほんにん:individual}の[同意]{どうい:consent}ではなく[法令]{ほうれい:laws}の[定]{さだ:provision}めが[利用]{りよう:use}の[根拠]{こんきょ:basis}となる","The basis for use is provisions of law rather than the individual's consent",{"label":231,"jp":254,"en":255},"[開示]{かいじ:disclosure}[請求]{せいきゅう:request}の[制度]{せいど:system}がない","There is no disclosure request system",{"en":257,"jp":258},"Government agencies handle personal information based on provisions of law. Unlike the private sector's consent-based approach, use based on legal authority is fundamental. Safety management measures, purpose specification, and disclosure requests also apply to government agencies.","[行政]{ぎょうせい:government}[機関]{きかん:agency}は[法令]{ほうれい:laws}の[定]{さだ:provision}めに[基]{もと:based}づいて[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}を[取]{と:handle}り[扱]{あつか:handle}う。[民間]{みんかん:private sector}のような[本人]{ほんにん:individual}[同意]{どうい:consent}ベースではなく、[法的]{ほうてき:legal}[根拠]{こんきょ:basis}に[基]{もと:based}づく[利用]{りよう:use}が[基本]{きほん:basic}。[安全]{あんぜん:safety}[管理]{かんり:management}[措置]{そち:measures}、[利用]{りよう:use}[目的]{もくてき:purpose}[特定]{とくてい:specification}、[開示]{かいじ:disclosure}[請求]{せいきゅう:request}は[行政]{ぎょうせい:government}[機関]{きかん:agency}にも[適用]{てきよう:apply}される。",[66,260],"法的根拠",{"id":262,"articleId":6,"question":263,"options":266,"correctLabel":223,"explanation":279,"tags":282},"kjh-k1-h10-q03",{"en":264,"jp":265},"Which of the following is correct about the personal information file register?","[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}ファイル[簿]{ぼ:register}について[正]{ただ:correct}しいものはどれか。",[267,270,273,276],{"label":219,"jp":268,"en":269},"[民間]{みんかん:private sector}[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operators}に[義務]{ぎむ:obligated}づけられている","It is obligated for private business operators",{"label":223,"jp":271,"en":272},"[行政]{ぎょうせい:government}[機関]{きかん:agency}が[保有]{ほゆう:retain}する[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}ファイルの[名称]{めいしょう:title}、[利用]{りよう:use}[目的]{もくてき:purpose}、[記録]{きろく:recorded}[項目]{こうもく:items}などを[記載]{きさい:describe}した[帳簿]{ちょうぼ:ledger}","A ledger describing the name, purpose of use, recorded items, etc. of personal information files retained by government agencies",{"label":227,"jp":274,"en":275},"[非]{ひ:non-}[公開]{こうかい:public}の[内部]{ないぶ:internal}[文書]{ぶんしょ:document}である","It is a non-public internal document",{"label":231,"jp":277,"en":278},"2003[年]{ねん:year}の[法]{ほう:law}[制定]{せいてい:enactment}[時]{じ:time}に[廃止]{はいし:abolished}された","It was abolished when the law was enacted in 2003",{"en":280,"jp":281},"Government agencies are obligated to create and publicize the personal information file register. It describes the name, purpose of use, recorded items, etc. of retained personal information files, and is publicized to the general public. It does not apply to the private sector.","[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}ファイル[簿]{ぼ:register}は[行政]{ぎょうせい:government}[機関]{きかん:agency}が[作成]{さくせい:create}・[公表]{こうひょう:publicize}する[義務]{ぎむ:obligation}がある。[保有]{ほゆう:retained}する[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}ファイルの[名称]{めいしょう:title}、[利用]{りよう:use}[目的]{もくてき:purpose}、[記録]{きろく:recorded}[項目]{こうもく:items}などを[記載]{きさい:describe}し、[一般]{いっぱん:general}に[公表]{こうひょう:publicized}される。[民間]{みんかん:private sector}には[適用]{てきよう:applied}されない。",[146],{"id":284,"articleId":6,"question":285,"options":288,"correctLabel":227,"explanation":301,"tags":304},"kjh-k1-h10-q04",{"en":286,"jp":287},"Which of the following is correct about personal information protection in local public bodies?","[地方]{ちほう:local}[公共]{こうきょう:public}[団体]{だんたい:bodies}の[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}[保護]{ほご:protection}について[正]{ただ:correct}しいものはどれか。",[289,292,295,298],{"label":219,"jp":290,"en":291},"[地方]{ちほう:local}[公共]{こうきょう:public}[団体]{だんたい:bodies}は[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}[保護]{ほご:protection}[法]{ほう:law}の[適用]{てきよう:application}[外]{がい:outside}である","Local public bodies are outside the application of the Personal Information Protection Law",{"label":223,"jp":293,"en":294},"[三]{さん:three}[法]{ほう:law}[統合]{とうごう:unification}により[独自]{どくじ:unique}[条例]{じょうれい:ordinances}の[制定]{せいてい:enactment}は[一切]{いっさい:at all}[認]{みと:permitted}められなくなった","With the unification of three laws, enactment of unique ordinances is no longer permitted at all",{"label":227,"jp":296,"en":297},"[地方]{ちほう:local}[公共]{こうきょう:public}[団体]{だんたい:bodies}にも[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}[保護]{ほご:protection}[法]{ほう:law}が[適用]{てきよう:applied}されるが、[条例]{じょうれい:ordinances}で[法]{ほう:law}の[範囲内]{はんいない:within scope}で[独自]{どくじ:unique}の[規定]{きてい:provisions}を[設]{もう:establish}けることができる","The Personal Information Protection Law applies to local public bodies, but they can establish unique provisions through ordinances within the scope of the law",{"label":231,"jp":299,"en":300},"[地方]{ちほう:local}[公共]{こうきょう:public}[団体]{だんたい:bodies}の[監督]{かんとく:supervision}は[総務省]{そうむしょう:Ministry of Internal Affairs}が[行]{おこな:perform}う","Supervision of local public bodies is performed by the Ministry of Internal Affairs",{"en":302,"jp":303},"With the unification of three laws, the Personal Information Protection Law now directly applies to local public bodies. However, unique provisions through ordinances within the scope of the law are permitted. Supervision is performed by the PPC.","[三]{さん:three}[法]{ほう:law}[統合]{とうごう:unification}により[地方]{ちほう:local}[公共]{こうきょう:public}[団体]{だんたい:bodies}にも[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}[保護]{ほご:protection}[法]{ほう:law}が[直接]{ちょくせつ:directly}[適用]{てきよう:applied}されるようになった。ただし[条例]{じょうれい:ordinances}で[法]{ほう:law}の[範囲内]{はんいない:within scope}での[独自]{どくじ:unique}[規定]{きてい:provisions}は[認]{みと:permitted}められている。[監督]{かんとく:supervision}はPPCが[行]{おこな:perform}う。",[74,50]]