[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article:chosakuken":3},{"meta":4,"markdown":107,"quiz":108},{"type":5,"articleId":6,"slug":7,"title":8,"titleEn":9,"category":10,"summary":11,"publishedAt":12,"image":13,"vocabulary":14,"quizId":106},"article","law-chosakuken","chosakuken","著作権法 — エンジニアが知っておくべき基礎","Copyright Law — Essentials for Engineers","law","Engineer-focused primer on Japan's Copyright Law (著作権法) covering: the definition of a copyrightable work (思想・感情の創作的表現); the split between moral rights (著作者人格権 — right of publication, right of attribution, right of integrity) and economic copyrights (著作財産権 — reproduction, public transmission, adaptation, derivative works); the work-for-hire rule for software (Article 15, 職務著作 — employer-owned by default); software-license fundamentals (GPL, MIT, Apache, BSD); the Cultural Affairs Agency's 2024 view on AI-generated works (input-side vs. output-side analysis); and the private-use and quotation exceptions that engineers rely on every day.\n","2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","https:\u002F\u002Fimages.yamiyomi.com\u002Flaw-chosakuken.png",[15,20,24,28,33,37,41,45,49,53,57,61,65,69,73,77,81,85,89,93,97,101],{"word":16,"reading":17,"meaning":18,"level":19},"著作権","ちょさくけん","copyright","N1",{"word":21,"reading":22,"meaning":23,"level":19},"著作物","ちょさくぶつ","copyrighted work",{"word":25,"reading":26,"meaning":27,"level":19},"著作者","ちょさくしゃ","author",{"word":29,"reading":30,"meaning":31,"level":32},"創作","そうさく","creation","N2",{"word":34,"reading":35,"meaning":36,"level":32},"表現","ひょうげん","expression",{"word":38,"reading":39,"meaning":40,"level":19},"思想","しそう","thought",{"word":42,"reading":43,"meaning":44,"level":32},"感情","かんじょう","feelings",{"word":46,"reading":47,"meaning":48,"level":19},"人格権","じんかくけん","moral rights",{"word":50,"reading":51,"meaning":52,"level":19},"財産権","ざいさんけん","economic rights",{"word":54,"reading":55,"meaning":56,"level":19},"複製権","ふくせいけん","right of reproduction",{"word":58,"reading":59,"meaning":60,"level":19},"公衆送信権","こうしゅうそうしんけん","right of public transmission",{"word":62,"reading":63,"meaning":64,"level":19},"翻案権","ほんあんけん","right of adaptation",{"word":66,"reading":67,"meaning":68,"level":19},"二次的著作物","にじてきちょさくぶつ","derivative work",{"word":70,"reading":71,"meaning":72,"level":19},"職務著作","しょくむちょさく","work for hire",{"word":74,"reading":75,"meaning":76,"level":19},"引用","いんよう","quotation",{"word":78,"reading":79,"meaning":80,"level":19},"私的使用","してきしよう","private use",{"word":82,"reading":83,"meaning":84,"level":32},"例外","れいがい","exception",{"word":86,"reading":87,"meaning":88,"level":19},"公表","こうひょう","publication",{"word":90,"reading":91,"meaning":92,"level":19},"氏名表示","しめいひょうじ","attribution",{"word":94,"reading":95,"meaning":96,"level":19},"同一性保持","どういつせいほじ","maintaining integrity",{"word":98,"reading":99,"meaning":100,"level":19},"文化庁","ぶんかちょう","Cultural Affairs Agency",{"word":102,"reading":103,"meaning":104,"level":105},"学習","がくしゅう","learning (training)","N3","law-chosaku-keihin-quiz","\n::heading\n[著作権法]{ちょさくけんほう:Copyright Law:N2}の[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}と[全体]{ぜんたい:overall:N3}[像]{ぞう:picture:N2}\n\n#en\nThe Purpose and Big Picture of Copyright Law\n::\n\n::para\n[著作権法]{ちょさくけんほう:Copyright Law:N2}（[昭和]{しょうわ:Showa:N1}45[年]{ねん:year:N5}[法律]{ほうりつ:law:N2}48[号]{ごう:No.:N3}）は、「[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:copyrighted works:N2}並びに[実演]{じつえん:performances:N3}、[レコード]{:records}、[放送]{ほうそう:broadcasts:N3}及び[有線]{ゆうせん:wired:N2}[放送]{ほうそう:broadcasts:N3}に[関し]{かんし:concerning:N3}[著作者]{ちょさくしゃ:authors:N2}の[権利]{けんり:rights:N3}及びこれに[隣接]{りんせつ:neighboring:N1}する[権利]{けんり:rights:N3}を[定め]{さだめ:define:N3}、これらの[文化的]{ぶんかてき:cultural:N3}[所産]{しょさん:products:N3}の[公正]{こうせい:fair:N4}な[利用]{りよう:use:N3}に[留意]{りゅうい:giving heed to:N3}しつつ、[著作者]{ちょさくしゃ:author:N2}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}の[権利]{けんり:rights:N3}の[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}を[図り]{はかり:promote:N4}、もって[文化]{ぶんか:culture:N3}の[発展]{はってん:development:N1}に[寄与]{きよ:contribute:N3}すること」を[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}としています（[1]{いっ:1}[条]{じょう:Article:N1}）。\n\n#en\nThe Copyright Law (Law No. 48 of 1970) has the purpose of \"defining the rights of authors and neighboring rights regarding works, performances, records, broadcasts, and wired broadcasts, and, while giving heed to the fair use of these cultural products, promoting the protection of authors' rights and thereby contributing to the development of culture\" (Article 1).\n::\n\n::callout\n[制度]{せいど:system:N3}[趣旨]{しゅし:intent:N1}：[著作権]{ちょさくけん:copyright:N2}は「[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}」と「[利用]{りよう:use:N3}」の[バランス]{:balance}を[取る]{とる:strike:N3}[法律]{ほうりつ:law:N2}です。[著作者]{ちょさくしゃ:author:N2}を[強く]{つよく:strongly:N4}[保護]{ほご:protect:N1}しすぎると[文化]{ぶんか:culture:N3}は[硬直化]{こうちょくか:rigidify:N2}し、[利用]{りよう:use:N3}を[認めすぎる]{みとめすぎる:over-permit:N3}と[創作]{そうさく:creation:N1}の[インセンティブ]{:incentive}が[失われます]{うしなわれます:is lost:N3}。[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}[法]{ほう:law:N3}と[同様]{どうよう:similarly:N3}に「[バランス]{:balance}[法]{ほう:law:N3}」と[理解]{りかい:understand:N3}するのが[基本]{きほん:basic:N1}です。\n\n#en\nStatutory intent: Copyright Law strikes a balance between protection and use. Excessive protection of authors rigidifies culture; over-permitting use eliminates the incentive to create. Like the Personal Information Protection Law, it should fundamentally be understood as a \"balancing law.\"\n::\n\n::heading\n[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:copyrighted work:N2}の[定義]{ていぎ:definition:N1}\n\n#en\nDefinition of a Copyrighted Work\n::\n\n::para\n[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:copyrighted work:N2}とは、「[思想]{しそう:thoughts:N3}[又は]{または:or:N1}[感情]{かんじょう:feelings:N3}を[創作的]{そうさくてき:creatively:N1}に[表現]{ひょうげん:express:N3}したものであつて、[文芸]{ぶんげい:literary:N2}、[学術]{がくじゅつ:academic:N3}、[美術]{びじゅつ:artistic:N3}[又は]{または:or:N1}[音楽]{おんがく:musical:N4}の[範囲]{はんい:scope:N1}に[属する]{ぞくする:belonging to:N1}もの」を[指します]{さします:refers to:N3}（[2]{に:2}[条]{じょう:Article:N1}1[項]{こう:Paragraph:N1}1[号]{ごう:Item:N3}）。この[定義]{ていぎ:definition:N1}には4つの[要件]{ようけん:requirements:N3}が[含まれて]{ふくまれて:contained:N2}おり、[全て]{すべて:all:N3}を[満たす]{みたす:satisfy:N3}[必要]{ひつよう:must:N3}があります。\n\n#en\nA copyrighted work is \"a creative expression of thoughts or feelings belonging to the literary, academic, artistic, or musical scope\" (Article 2, Paragraph 1, Item 1). This definition contains four requirements that all must be satisfied.\n::\n\n::callout\n4[要件]{ようけん:requirements:N3}：①[思想]{しそう:thoughts:N3}[又は]{または:or:N1}[感情]{かんじょう:feelings:N3}（[単なる]{たんなる:mere:N3}データや[事実]{じじつ:facts:N3}は[除外]{じょがい:excluded:N3}）、②[創作的]{そうさくてき:creative:N1}（[個性]{こせい:individuality:N2}が[現れて]{あらわれて:expressed:N3}いること、[誰]{だれ:anyone:N3}でも[同じ]{おなじ:same:N4}になるものは[除外]{じょがい:excluded:N3}）、③[表現]{ひょうげん:expression:N3}（[アイデア]{:idea}そのものは[保護]{ほご:protected:N1}されない、[表現]{ひょうげん:expression:N3}されたもののみ）、④[文芸]{ぶんげい:literary:N2}・[学術]{がくじゅつ:academic:N3}・[美術]{びじゅつ:artistic:N3}・[音楽]{おんがく:musical:N4}の[範囲]{はんい:scope:N1}（[広く]{ひろく:broadly:N4}[解釈]{かいしゃく:interpreted:N1}）。\n\n#en\nFour requirements: (1) thoughts or feelings (mere data or facts excluded); (2) creative (individuality must be expressed; what would be the same for anyone is excluded); (3) expression (ideas themselves are NOT protected — only the expression); (4) within the literary, academic, artistic, or musical scope (interpreted broadly).\n::\n\n::para\n[エンジニア]{:engineer}に[特に]{とくに:especially:N4}[重要]{じゅうよう:important:N3}なのが「[アイデア]{:idea}・[表現]{ひょうげん:expression:N3}[二分論]{にぶんろん:dichotomy:N3}」です。[アルゴリズム]{:algorithm}そのもの（[アイデア]{:idea}）は[著作権]{ちょさくけん:copyright:N2}で[保護]{ほご:protected:N1}されませんが、それを[実装]{じっそう:implement:N2}した[ソースコード]{:source code}（[表現]{ひょうげん:expression:N3}）は[保護]{ほご:protected:N1}されます。[ビジネス]{:business}[ロジック]{:logic}や[手法]{しゅほう:methodology:N3}も[アイデア]{:idea}[レベル]{:level}では[保護]{ほご:protected:N1}されません（[特許]{とっきょ:patent:N3}[法]{ほう:law:N3}の[領域]{りょういき:domain:N2}）。\n\n#en\nEspecially important for engineers is the \"idea\u002Fexpression dichotomy.\" An algorithm itself (an idea) is NOT protected by copyright, but the source code that implements it (an expression) IS protected. Business logic and methodologies are also unprotected at the idea level (this is patent-law territory).\n::\n\n::heading\n[プログラム]{:program}は[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:work:N2}か\n\n#en\nAre Programs Copyrighted Works?\n::\n\n::para\n[著作権法]{ちょさくけんほう:Copyright Law:N2}10[条]{じょう:Article:N1}1[項]{こう:Paragraph:N1}9[号]{ごう:Item:N3}は「[プログラム]{:program}の[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:work:N2}」を[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:work:N2}の[例示]{れいじ:examples:N3}として[明記]{めいき:explicitly lists:N3}しています。1985[年]{ねん:year:N5}の[法]{ほう:law:N3}[改正]{かいせい:amendment:N2}で[追加]{ついか:added:N3}されたもので、[ソースコード]{:source code}・[オブジェクトコード]{:object code}を[問わず]{とわず:regardless of:N4}[プログラム]{:program}は[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:work:N2}として[保護]{ほご:protected:N1}されます。ただし、[プログラム]{:program}を[作成]{さくせい:create:N3}するための「[プログラム言語]{:programming language}」「[規約]{きやく:protocols:N3}」「[解法]{かいほう:algorithms:N3}」は[保護]{ほご:protected:N1}[対象]{たいしょう:scope:N2}から[明文]{めいぶん:explicitly:N4}で[除外]{じょがい:excluded:N3}されています（10[条]{じょう:Article:N1}3[項]{こう:Paragraph:N1}）。\n\n#en\nArticle 10, Paragraph 1, Item 9 explicitly lists \"program works\" as examples of copyrighted works. Added by the 1985 amendment, programs are protected as works regardless of whether source code or object code. However, \"programming languages,\" \"protocols,\" and \"algorithms\" used to create programs are explicitly excluded from the scope of protection (Article 10, Paragraph 3).\n::\n\n::callout\n[エンジニア]{:engineer}[視点]{してん:viewpoint:N1}：[Java]{:Java}・[Python]{:Python}などの[言語]{げんご:language:N4}[仕様]{しよう:specification:N3}、[HTTP]{:HTTP}・[gRPC]{:gRPC}などの[プロトコル]{:protocol}、[クイックソート]{:quicksort}などの[アルゴリズム]{:algorithm}は[著作権]{ちょさくけん:copyright:N2}の[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}[対象]{たいしょう:subject:N2}[外]{がい:outside:N5}。[ただし]{:however}、[特定]{とくてい:specific:N3}の[実装]{じっそう:implementation:N2}（[コード]{:code}そのもの）は[保護]{ほご:protected:N1}されます。[他社]{たしゃ:other company:N3}の[プロトコル]{:protocol}を[実装]{じっそう:implement:N2}し[直す]{なおす:reimplement:N3}（[クリーンルーム]{:clean room}[実装]{じっそう:implementation:N2}）こと[自体]{じたい:itself:N4}は[著作権]{ちょさくけん:copyright:N2}[侵害]{しんがい:infringement:N1}にはなりません。\n\n#en\nEngineer's viewpoint: language specifications (Java, Python), protocols (HTTP, gRPC), and algorithms (quicksort) are NOT subject to copyright protection. However, specific implementations (the code itself) ARE protected. Reimplementing another company's protocol from scratch (a clean-room implementation) is NOT in itself a copyright violation.\n::\n\n::heading\n[著作者]{ちょさくしゃ:author:N2}[人格権]{じんかくけん:moral rights:N3}\n\n#en\nMoral Rights of the Author\n::\n\n::para\n[著作者]{ちょさくしゃ:author:N2}[人格権]{じんかくけん:moral rights:N3}は、[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:work:N2}に[込められた]{こめられた:embedded:N3}[著作者]{ちょさくしゃ:author:N2}の[人格的]{じんかくてき:personal:N3}[利益]{りえき:interest:N1}を[守る]{まもる:protect:N3}[権利]{けんり:rights:N3}で、[一身]{いっしん:personal:N4}[専属]{せんぞく:exclusive:N1}の[権利]{けんり:right:N3}（[譲渡]{じょうと:transfer:N1}・[相続]{そうぞく:inheritance:N3}[不可]{ふか:impossible:N4}）です。3つの[権利]{けんり:rights:N3}から[構成]{こうせい:composed:N3}されます。\n\n#en\nMoral rights protect the personal interest of the author embedded in the work, and they are personal-exclusive rights (cannot be transferred or inherited). They consist of three rights.\n::\n\n::callout\n3[つ]{みっつ:three}の[著作者]{ちょさくしゃ:author:N2}[人格権]{じんかくけん:moral rights:N3}：①**[公表]{こうひょう:publication:N3}[権]{けん:right:N3}**（18[条]{じょう:Article:N1}）＝[未公表]{みこうひょう:unpublished:N3}の[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:work:N2}を[公表]{こうひょう:publish:N3}するか[否か]{いなか:or not:N3}を[決める]{きめる:decide:N3}[権利]{けんり:right:N3}。②**[氏名]{しめい:name:N1}[表示]{ひょうじ:display:N3}[権]{けん:right:N3}**（19[条]{じょう:Article:N1}）＝[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:work:N2}に[実名]{じつめい:real name:N3}・[ペンネーム]{:pen name}・[無名]{むめい:anonymous:N4}のどれを[表示]{ひょうじ:display:N3}するかを[決める]{きめる:decide:N3}[権利]{けんり:right:N3}。③**[同一性]{どういつせい:integrity:N3}[保持]{ほじ:maintenance:N1}[権]{けん:right:N3}**（20[条]{じょう:Article:N1}）＝[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:work:N2}や[題号]{だいごう:title:N3}を[著作者]{ちょさくしゃ:author:N2}の[意]{い:will:N4}に[反して]{はんして:against:N3}[改変]{かいへん:modify:N2}されない[権利]{けんり:right:N3}。\n\n#en\nThree moral rights: (1) Right of Publication (Article 18) = the right to decide whether to publish an unpublished work; (2) Right of Attribution (Article 19) = the right to decide whether to display a real name, pen name, or anonymous on the work; (3) Right of Integrity (Article 20) = the right not to have the work or title modified against the author's will.\n::\n\n::para\n[同一性]{どういつせい:integrity:N3}[保持]{ほじ:maintenance:N1}[権]{けん:right:N3}には[ソフトウェア]{:software}に[特有]{とくゆう:specific:N4}の[例外]{れいがい:exception:N3}があります。[プログラム]{:program}の[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:work:N2}を「[電子]{でんし:electronic:N5}[計算機]{けいさんき:computer:N2}において[利用]{りよう:use:N3}し[得る]{える:can:N3}ようにするため、[又は]{または:or:N1}より[効果的]{こうかてき:effective:N2}に[利用]{りよう:use:N3}し[得る]{える:can:N3}ようにするために[必要]{ひつよう:necessary:N3}な[改変]{かいへん:modification:N2}」は[同一性]{どういつせい:integrity:N3}[保持]{ほじ:maintenance:N1}[権]{けん:right:N3}の[侵害]{しんがい:infringement:N1}にならない（20[条]{じょう:Article:N1}2[項]{こう:Paragraph:N1}3[号]{ごう:Item:N3}）。これにより、[バグ]{:bug}[修正]{しゅうせい:fix:N1}や[OS]{:OS}[移植]{いしょく:porting:N2}は[適法]{てきほう:lawful:N3}に[行えます]{おこなえます:can be done:N5}。\n\n#en\nThe right of integrity has a software-specific exception. For program works, \"modifications necessary to make them usable, or more effectively usable, on a computer\" do not infringe the right of integrity (Article 20, Paragraph 2, Item 3). This makes bug fixes and OS porting lawful.\n::\n\n::heading\n[著作]{ちょさく:author's:N2}[財産]{ざいさん:economic:N3}[権]{けん:rights:N3}（[支分権]{しぶんけん:individual rights:N3}）\n\n#en\nEconomic Copyrights (Individual Rights)\n::\n\n::para\n[著作]{ちょさく:author's:N2}[財産]{ざいさん:economic:N3}[権]{けん:rights:N3}（[狭義]{きょうぎ:narrow sense:N1}の[著作権]{ちょさくけん:copyright:N2}）は、[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:work:N2}の[利用]{りよう:use:N3}を[コントロール]{:control}する[権利]{けんり:rights:N3}の[束]{たば:bundle:N3}です。[譲渡]{じょうと:transfer:N1}・[ライセンス]{:license}が[可能]{かのう:possible:N3}で、[原則]{げんそく:in principle:N2}[著作者]{ちょさくしゃ:author:N2}の[死後]{しご:after death:N4}70[年間]{ねんかん:70 years:N5}[保護]{ほご:protected:N1}されます（51[条]{じょう:Article:N1}）。[主要]{しゅよう:major:N3}な[支分権]{しぶんけん:individual rights:N3}は[次]{つぎ:following:N3}の[通り]{とおり:as:N4}です。\n\n#en\nEconomic copyrights (copyright in the narrow sense) are a bundle of rights controlling the use of works. They can be transferred or licensed and are in principle protected for 70 years after the author's death (Article 51). The major individual rights are as follows.\n::\n\n::callout\n[主な]{おもな:main:N4}[支分権]{しぶんけん:individual rights:N3}：①**[複製]{ふくせい:reproduction:N1}[権]{けん:right:N3}**（21[条]{じょう:Article:N1}）＝[コピー]{:copy}・[印刷]{いんさつ:printing:N2}・[ダウンロード]{:download}など、②**[公衆]{こうしゅう:public:N1}[送信]{そうしん:transmission:N3}[権]{けん:right:N3}**（23[条]{じょう:Article:N1}）＝[インターネット]{:internet}[配信]{はいしん:distribution:N3}・[ストリーミング]{:streaming}など、③**[展示]{てんじ:exhibition:N1}[権]{けん:right:N3}**（25[条]{じょう:Article:N1}）＝[美術]{びじゅつ:art:N3}[作品]{さくひん:works:N4}など、④**[頒布]{はんぷ:distribution:N1}[権]{けん:right:N3}**（26[条]{じょう:Article:N1}）＝[映画]{えいが:movie:N4}など、⑤**[譲渡]{じょうと:transfer:N1}[権]{けん:right:N3}**（26[条]{じょう:Article:N1}の2）＝[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:work:N2}の[原作品]{げんさくひん:original:N3}\u002F[複製品]{ふくせいひん:copy:N1}の[譲渡]{じょうと:transfer:N1}、⑥**[貸与]{たいよ:lending:N3}[権]{けん:right:N3}**（26[条]{じょう:Article:N1}の3）、⑦**[翻訳]{ほんやく:translation:N1}・[翻案]{ほんあん:adaptation:N1}[権]{けん:right:N3}**（27[条]{じょう:Article:N1}）＝[他]{た:other:N3}[言語]{げんご:language:N4}[翻訳]{ほんやく:translation:N1}・[アレンジ]{:arrangement}・[映画化]{えいがか:adaptation to film:N3}・[ソフトウェア]{:software}[移植]{いしょく:porting:N2}など、⑧**[二次的著作物]{にじてきちょさくぶつ:derivative work:N2}の[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[権]{けん:right:N3}**（28[条]{じょう:Article:N1}）。\n\n#en\nMain individual rights: (1) Right of reproduction (Art. 21) = copying, printing, downloading; (2) Right of public transmission (Art. 23) = internet distribution, streaming; (3) Right of exhibition (Art. 25); (4) Right of distribution (Art. 26) = movies; (5) Right of transfer (Art. 26-2); (6) Right of lending (Art. 26-3); (7) Right of translation\u002Fadaptation (Art. 27) = translations, arrangements, film adaptations, software porting; (8) Right to use derivative works (Art. 28).\n::\n\n::heading\n[職務]{しょくむ:work-for-hire:N3}[著作]{ちょさく:authorship:N2}（[15]{じゅうご:15}[条]{じょう:Article:N1}）\n\n#en\nWork for Hire (Article 15)\n::\n\n::para\n[職務]{しょくむ:work-for-hire:N3}[著作]{ちょさく:authorship:N2}は、[業務]{ぎょうむ:job:N3}として[作成]{さくせい:created:N3}された[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:work:N2}の[著作者]{ちょさくしゃ:author:N2}が[誰]{だれ:who:N3}になるかを[定める]{さだめる:specify:N3}[ルール]{:rule}で、[エンジニア]{:engineer}にとって[最]{もっと:most:N3}も[重要]{じゅうよう:important:N3}な[条文]{じょうぶん:provision:N1}の[一]{ひと:one:N5}つです。[原則]{げんそく:by default:N2}として、[一定]{いってい:certain:N3}の[要件]{ようけん:requirements:N3}を[満たす]{みたす:satisfy:N3}と、[著作者]{ちょさくしゃ:author:N2}は[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}（[従業員]{じゅうぎょういん:employee:N1}）ではなく**[法人]{ほうじん:corporation:N3}（[使用者]{しようしゃ:employer:N4}）**となります。\n\n#en\nWork for hire is the rule specifying who the author of a work created as part of one's job is, and it is one of the most important provisions for engineers. By default, when certain requirements are satisfied, the author is the corporation (employer), not the individual (employee).\n::\n\n::callout\n[職務]{しょくむ:work-for-hire:N3}[著作]{ちょさく:authorship:N2}の[要件]{ようけん:requirements:N3}（[一般]{いっぱん:general:N2}[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:works:N2}＝15[条]{じょう:Article:N1}1[項]{こう:Paragraph:N1}）：①[法人]{ほうじん:corporation:N3}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}の[発意]{ほつい:initiative:N4}に[基づく]{もとづく:based on:N1}こと、②[法人]{ほうじん:corporation:N3}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}の[業務]{ぎょうむ:job:N3}に[従事]{じゅうじ:engaged:N1}する[者]{もの:person:N4}が、③[職務]{しょくむ:duties:N3}[上]{じょう:in performance of:N5}[作成]{さくせい:create:N3}したこと、④[法人]{ほうじん:corporation:N3}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}が[自己]{じこ:its own:N1}の[著作]{ちょさく:authorship:N2}の[名義]{めいぎ:name:N1}の[下]{もと:under:N5}に[公表]{こうひょう:publish:N3}するもの、⑤[契約]{けいやく:contract:N1}・[勤務]{きんむ:work:N3}[規則]{きそく:rules:N2}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}に[別段]{べつだん:special:N3}の[定め]{さだめ:provision:N3}がないこと。**[プログラム]{:program}の[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:works:N2}（15[条]{じょう:Article:N1}2[項]{こう:Paragraph:N1}）**は、④（[公表]{こうひょう:publication:N3}[名義]{めいぎ:name:N1}）が[不要]{ふよう:unnecessary:N3}で[要件]{ようけん:requirements:N3}が[緩い]{ゆるい:looser:N1}。\n\n#en\nRequirements for work-for-hire (general works = Art. 15(1)): (1) based on the corporation's initiative; (2) the person engaged in the corporation's business; (3) creating in the course of duties; (4) the corporation publishes under its own author name; (5) no special provision in contract or work rules. For PROGRAM works (Art. 15(2)), requirement (4) — publication name — is unnecessary, so requirements are looser.\n::\n\n::para\n[実務]{じつむ:practice:N3}[上]{じょう:in:N5}の[結論]{けつろん:conclusion:N1}として、[企業]{きぎょう:company:N1}に[勤務]{きんむ:employed:N3}する[エンジニア]{:engineer}が[業務]{ぎょうむ:work:N3}で[書いた]{かいた:wrote:N5}[コード]{:code}の[著作権]{ちょさくけん:copyright:N2}は、[原則]{げんそく:default:N2}として[会社]{かいしゃ:company:N4}に[帰属]{きぞく:vests in:N1}します。[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}が[副業]{ふくぎょう:side job:N2}で[趣味]{しゅみ:hobby:N1}として[書いた]{かいた:wrote:N5}[コード]{:code}や、[業務時間]{ぎょうむじかん:work hours:N3}[外]{がい:outside:N5}に[業務]{ぎょうむ:job:N3}と[無関係]{むかんけい:unrelated:N3}に[書いた]{かいた:wrote:N5}[コード]{:code}は[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}のものです。[OSS]{:OSS}への[コントリビューション]{:contribution}を[業務]{ぎょうむ:job:N3}として[行う]{おこなう:do:N5}[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}、[著作権]{ちょさくけん:copyright:N2}は[会社]{かいしゃ:company:N4}に[帰属]{きぞく:belongs:N1}します。\n\n#en\nThe practical conclusion: copyright in code that an employed engineer writes as part of their job vests by default in the company. Code written individually as a side project or hobby outside work hours and unrelated to one's job belongs to the individual. When OSS contributions are made as part of one's job, copyright belongs to the company.\n::\n\n::heading\n[ソフトウェア]{:software}[ライセンス]{:license}（[OSS]{:OSS}を[中心]{ちゅうしん:focus:N4}に）\n\n#en\nSoftware Licenses (Focus on OSS)\n::\n\n::para\n[ソフトウェア]{:software}[ライセンス]{:license}は、[著作権]{ちょさくけん:copyright:N2}[者]{しゃ:holder:N4}が[利用]{りよう:user:N3}[者]{しゃ:user:N4}に[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:work:N2}の[利用]{りよう:use:N3}を[許諾]{きょだく:grant:N1}する[契約]{けいやく:contract:N1}です。[OSS]{:OSS}（[Open Source Software]{:Open Source Software}）の[ライセンス]{:license}は[大きく]{おおきく:largely:N5}、[コピーレフト]{:copyleft}[型]{がた:type:N2}と[非]{ひ:non-:N3}[コピーレフト]{:copyleft}[型]{がた:type:N2}（[寛容]{かんよう:permissive:N1}[型]{がた:type:N2}）に[分類]{ぶんるい:classified:N3}されます。\n\n#en\nA software license is a contract in which the copyright holder grants the user permission to use the work. OSS licenses can be broadly classified into copyleft and non-copyleft (permissive) types.\n::\n\n::callout\n[主要]{しゅよう:major:N3}な[OSS]{:OSS}[ライセンス]{:license}：①**[GPL]{:GPL}（[GNU General Public License]{:GNU General Public License}）**＝[強い]{つよい:strong:N4}[コピーレフト]{:copyleft}。[GPL]{:GPL}の[コード]{:code}を[組み込んだ]{くみこんだ:incorporated:N3}[ソフトウェア]{:software}は[全体]{ぜんたい:entirety:N3}を[GPL]{:GPL}で[公開]{こうかい:publish:N4}する[必要]{ひつよう:must:N3}（[感染力]{かんせんりょく:viral:N1}）。②**[LGPL]{:LGPL}**＝[弱い]{よわい:weak:N2}[コピーレフト]{:copyleft}。[ライブラリ]{:library}として[リンク]{:link}するだけなら[感染]{かんせん:infect:N1}しない。③**[MIT]{:MIT}**＝[最も]{もっとも:most:N3}[寛容]{かんよう:permissive:N1}。[著作権]{ちょさくけん:copyright:N2}[表示]{ひょうじ:notice:N3}と[ライセンス]{:license}[文]{ぶん:text:N4}を[添付]{てんぷ:include:N1}すれば[商用]{しょうよう:commercial:N3}・[改変]{かいへん:modification:N2}・[非公開]{ひこうかい:closed-source:N3}[OK]{:OK}。④**[Apache 2.0]{:Apache 2.0}**＝[MIT]{:MIT}に[特許]{とっきょ:patent:N3}[条項]{じょうこう:clause:N1}を[追加]{ついか:added:N3}。[寄与]{きよ:contributing:N3}[者]{しゃ:contributors:N4}が[自動的]{じどうてき:automatically:N4}に[特許]{とっきょ:patent:N3}[ライセンス]{:license}を[付与]{ふよ:grant:N3}。⑤**[BSD]{:BSD}**＝[MIT]{:MIT}と[類似]{るいじ:similar:N3}の[寛容]{かんよう:permissive:N1}[型]{がた:type:N2}。\n\n#en\nMajor OSS licenses: (1) GPL (GNU General Public License) = strong copyleft. Software incorporating GPL code must be published in its entirety under GPL (viral). (2) LGPL = weak copyleft. Linking only as a library does not infect. (3) MIT = most permissive. Commercial use, modification, and closed-source OK if you include the copyright notice and license text. (4) Apache 2.0 = MIT plus a patent clause. Contributors automatically grant patent licenses. (5) BSD = permissive, similar to MIT.\n::\n\n::callout\n[エンジニア]{:engineer}[実務]{じつむ:practice:N3}：[GPL]{:GPL}[コード]{:code}を[商用]{しょうよう:commercial:N3}[製品]{せいひん:product:N1}に[組み込んだ]{くみこんだ:included:N3}まま[ソース]{:source}を[非公開]{ひこうかい:closed-source:N3}にすると[ライセンス]{:license}[違反]{いはん:violation:N3}＝[著作権]{ちょさくけん:copyright:N2}[侵害]{しんがい:infringement:N1}になります。[OSS]{:OSS}を[利用]{りよう:use:N3}する[際]{さい:when:N3}は、[必ず]{かならず:must:N3}[ライセンス]{:license}[条項]{じょうこう:clauses:N1}を[確認]{かくにん:verify:N3}し、[組織]{そしき:organization:N1}[内]{ない:within:N3}で[ライセンス]{:license}[管理]{かんり:management:N2}（[SBOM]{:SBOM}：[Software Bill of Materials]{:Software Bill of Materials}）を[行う]{おこなう:perform:N5}ことが[推奨]{すいしょう:recommended:N1}されます。\n\n#en\nEngineering practice: incorporating GPL code into a commercial product while keeping source closed is a license violation = copyright infringement. When using OSS, always verify the license clauses, and license management within the organization (SBOM: Software Bill of Materials) is recommended.\n::\n\n::heading\n[AI]{:AI}[生成物]{せいせいぶつ:generated outputs:N3}と[著作権]{ちょさくけん:copyright:N2}（[2024]{にせんにじゅうよん:2024}[年]{ねん:year:N5}[文化庁]{ぶんかちょう:Cultural Affairs Agency:N2}[見解]{けんかい:view:N3}）\n\n#en\nAI-Generated Outputs and Copyright (2024 Cultural Affairs Agency View)\n::\n\n::para\n[文化庁]{ぶんかちょう:Cultural Affairs Agency:N2}[文化]{ぶんか:Culture:N3}[審議会]{しんぎかい:Council:N1}[著作権]{ちょさくけん:Copyright:N2}[分科会]{ぶんかかい:Subcommittee:N3}[法制度]{ほうせいど:Legal System:N3}[小]{しょう:Sub-:N5}[委員会]{いいんかい:Committee:N2}は、2024[年]{ねん:year:N5}3[月]{がつ:March:N5}に「[AI]{:AI}と[著作権]{ちょさくけん:copyright:N2}に[関する]{かんする:concerning:N3}[考え方]{かんがえかた:views:N4}について」を[公表]{こうひょう:published:N3}しました。[論点]{ろんてん:issues:N3}は[大きく]{おおきく:largely:N5}「[学習]{がくしゅう:training:N4}[段階]{だんかい:stage:N2}」と「[生成]{せいせい:generation:N3}・[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[段階]{だんかい:stage:N2}」に[分かれます]{わかれます:divided into:N5}。\n\n#en\nIn March 2024, the Cultural Affairs Agency's Council for Cultural Affairs Copyright Subcommittee Legal System Subcommittee published \"Views on AI and Copyright.\" The issues are largely divided into the \"training stage\" and the \"generation\u002Fuse stage.\"\n::\n\n::callout\n[学習]{がくしゅう:training:N4}[段階]{だんかい:stage:N2}：[著作権]{ちょさくけん:Copyright Law:N2}[法]{ほう:law:N3}30[条]{じょう:Article:N1}の4「[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:work:N2}に[表現]{ひょうげん:expressed:N3}された[思想]{しそう:thoughts:N3}[又は]{または:or:N1}[感情]{かんじょう:feelings:N3}の[享受]{きょうじゅ:enjoyment:N1}を[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}としない[利用]{りよう:use:N3}」に[該当]{がいとう:falls under:N1}し、[原則]{げんそく:in principle:N2}[適法]{てきほう:lawful:N3}（[非]{ひ:non-:N3}[享受]{きょうじゅ:enjoyment:N1}[利用]{りよう:use:N3}）。ただし、「[著作権]{ちょさくけん:copyright:N2}[者]{しゃ:holder:N4}の[利益]{りえき:interests:N1}を[不当]{ふとう:unfairly:N3}に[害する]{がいする:harm:N3}[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}」（30[条]{じょう:Article:N1}の4ただし[書]{がき:proviso:N5}）は[適用]{てきよう:application:N3}[除外]{じょがい:excluded:N3}。[特定]{とくてい:specific:N3}の[作家]{さっか:author:N4}の[作風]{さくふう:style:N4}を[模倣]{もほう:imitate:N1}する[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}や、[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:work:N2}[市場]{しじょう:market:N3}と[衝突]{しょうとつ:conflict:N1}する[データベース]{:database}の[作成]{さくせい:creation:N3}は[違法]{いほう:illegal:N3}になり[得る]{える:can become:N3}。\n\n#en\nTraining stage: falls under Article 30-4 of the Copyright Law as \"use not for the purpose of enjoying the thoughts or feelings expressed in the work\" and is in principle lawful (non-enjoyment use). However, \"cases that unfairly harm the copyright holder's interests\" (proviso to Article 30-4) are excluded. Training to imitate a specific author's style, or creating databases that conflict with the work's market, can become illegal.\n::\n\n::callout\n[生成]{せいせい:generation:N3}・[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[段階]{だんかい:stage:N2}：[AI]{:AI}[生成物]{せいせいぶつ:output:N3}が[既存]{きそん:existing:N1}の[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:work:N2}と「[類似性]{るいじせい:similarity:N3}」と「[依拠性]{いきょせい:reliance:N1}」を[満たす]{みたす:satisfies:N3}と[著作権]{ちょさくけん:copyright:N2}[侵害]{しんがい:infringement:N1}に[該当]{がいとう:applies:N1}。[依拠性]{いきょせい:reliance:N1}は、[利用者]{りようしゃ:user:N3}が[当該]{とうがい:said:N1}[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:work:N2}を[認識]{にんしき:aware of:N3}していたか、[学習]{がくしゅう:training:N4}データに[含まれて]{ふくまれて:contained:N2}いたかなどから[判断]{はんだん:judged:N3}される。[AI]{:AI}[生成物]{せいせいぶつ:output:N3}の[著作者]{ちょさくしゃ:authorship:N2}（[誰]{だれ:who:N3}に[著作権]{ちょさくけん:copyright:N2}が[帰属]{きぞく:belongs:N1}するか）は、[人]{ひと:human:N5}の[創作的]{そうさくてき:creative:N1}[寄与]{きよ:contribution:N3}があるかで[判断]{はんだん:judged:N3}され、[単なる]{たんなる:mere:N3}[プロンプト]{:prompt}[入力]{にゅうりょく:input:N4}だけでは[原則]{げんそく:in principle:N2}[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:work:N2}とは[認められない]{みとめられない:not recognized:N3}。\n\n#en\nGeneration\u002Fuse stage: an AI-generated output infringes copyright if it satisfies \"similarity\" and \"reliance\" with respect to an existing work. Reliance is judged from whether the user was aware of the work, whether it was included in training data, etc. Authorship of AI-generated outputs (to whom copyright belongs) is judged by whether there is human creative contribution; mere prompt input is in principle not recognized as creating a copyrighted work.\n::\n\n::heading\n[著作権]{ちょさくけん:copyright:N2}の[制限]{せいげん:limitations:N3}（[例外]{れいがい:exceptions:N3}）\n\n#en\nCopyright Limitations (Exceptions)\n::\n\n::para\n[著作権法]{ちょさくけんほう:Copyright Law:N2}は、[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:work:N2}の[円滑]{えんかつ:smooth:N1}な[利用]{りよう:use:N3}を[確保]{かくほ:ensure:N1}するため、[一定]{いってい:certain:N3}の[場合]{ばあい:cases:N3}に[著作権]{ちょさくけん:copyright:N2}を[制限]{せいげん:limit:N3}（=[許諾]{きょだく:permission:N1}なしで[利用]{りよう:use:N3}を[認める]{みとめる:permit:N3}）しています。30[条]{じょう:Article:N1}〜49[条]{じょう:Article:N1}に[列挙]{れっきょ:enumerated:N1}されています。[エンジニア]{:engineer}や[一般]{いっぱん:general:N2}[利用]{りよう:user:N3}[者]{しゃ:user:N4}に[特に]{とくに:especially:N4}[関係]{かんけい:related:N3}するものを[紹介]{しょうかい:introduce:N2}します。\n\n#en\nThe Copyright Law limits copyright in certain cases (i.e., permits use without authorization) to ensure smooth utilization of works. They are enumerated in Articles 30 through 49. Below are limitations especially relevant to engineers and general users.\n::\n\n::callout\n[主要]{しゅよう:major:N3}な[制限]{せいげん:limitations:N3}：①**[私的使用]{してきしよう:private use:N4}のための[複製]{ふくせい:reproduction:N1}**（30[条]{じょう:Article:N1}）＝[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}・[家族]{かぞく:family:N4}など[限られた]{かぎられた:limited:N3}[範囲]{はんい:scope:N1}での[使用]{しよう:use:N4}を[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}とする[複製]{ふくせい:reproduction:N1}。ただし[違法]{いほう:illegal:N3}[ダウンロード]{:download}を[知って]{しって:knowingly:N4}[行う]{おこなう:perform:N5}ものは[除外]{じょがい:excluded:N3}。②**[引用]{いんよう:quotation:N3}**（32[条]{じょう:Article:N1}）＝[公正]{こうせい:fair:N4}な[慣行]{かんこう:practice:N3}に[合致]{がっち:consistent:N1}し、[報道]{ほうどう:reporting:N3}・[批評]{ひひょう:criticism:N1}・[研究]{けんきゅう:research:N4}など[正当]{せいとう:legitimate:N3}な[範囲]{はんい:scope:N1}[内]{ない:within:N3}での[引用]{いんよう:quotation:N3}。[要件]{ようけん:requirements:N3}：[公表]{こうひょう:published:N3}されている、[主従]{しゅじゅう:main-subordinate:N1}[関係]{かんけい:relation:N3}が[明確]{めいかく:clear:N3}、[出所]{しゅっしょ:source:N3}[明示]{めいじ:displayed:N3}、[改変]{かいへん:modification:N2}しない。③**[検討]{けんとう:examination:N1}の[過程]{かてい:process:N3}における[利用]{りよう:use:N3}**（30[条]{じょう:Article:N1}の3）、④**[電子]{でんし:electronic:N5}[計算機]{けいさんき:computer:N2}における[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:work:N2}の[利用]{りよう:use:N3}に[付随]{ふずい:incidental:N1}する[利用]{りよう:use:N3}**（47[条]{じょう:Article:N1}の4）＝[キャッシュ]{:cache}・[ミラー]{:mirror}など。\n\n#en\nMajor limitations: (1) Reproduction for private use (Art. 30) = reproduction intended for use within a limited scope such as individual or family. However, knowingly performing illegal downloads is excluded. (2) Quotation (Art. 32) = quotation consistent with fair practice, within a legitimate scope such as reporting, criticism, or research. Requirements: published, clear main-subordinate relationship, source displayed, no modification. (3) Use during examination process (Art. 30-3); (4) Use incidental to use of works on a computer (Art. 47-4) = caching, mirroring, etc.\n::\n\n::heading\n[まとめ]{まとめ:summary}\n\n#en\nSummary\n::\n\n::callout\n[要点]{ようてん:key points:N3}：①[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ:work:N2}＝[思想]{しそう:thoughts:N3}・[感情]{かんじょう:feelings:N3}の[創作的]{そうさくてき:creative:N1}[表現]{ひょうげん:expression:N3}（[アイデア]{:ideas}・[アルゴリズム]{:algorithms}は[不]{ふ:not:N4}[保護]{ほご:protected:N1}）。②[人格権]{じんかくけん:moral rights:N3}＝[公表]{こうひょう:publication:N3}・[氏名表示]{しめいひょうじ:attribution:N1}・[同一性]{どういつせい:integrity:N3}[保持]{ほじ:maintenance:N1}（[譲渡]{じょうと:transfer:N1}[不可]{ふか:impossible:N4}）。③[財産]{ざいさん:economic:N3}[権]{けん:rights:N3}＝[複製]{ふくせい:reproduction:N1}・[公衆]{こうしゅう:public:N1}[送信]{そうしん:transmission:N3}・[翻案]{ほんあん:adaptation:N1}など（[譲渡]{じょうと:transfer:N1}[可]{か:possible:N4}、[死後]{しご:after death:N4}70[年]{ねん:years:N5}）。④[職務]{しょくむ:work-for-hire:N3}[著作]{ちょさく:authorship:N2}＝[業務]{ぎょうむ:job:N3}で[書いた]{かいた:written:N5}[コード]{:code}は[原則]{げんそく:by default:N2}[会社]{かいしゃ:company:N4}が[著作者]{ちょさくしゃ:author:N2}（[プログラム]{:program}は[公表]{こうひょう:publication:N3}[名義]{めいぎ:name:N1}[要件]{ようけん:requirement:N3}[不要]{ふよう:unnecessary:N3}）。⑤[GPL]{:GPL}は[感染]{かんせん:viral:N1}、[MIT]{:MIT}\u002F[Apache]{:Apache}\u002F[BSD]{:BSD}は[寛容]{かんよう:permissive:N1}。⑥[AI]{:AI}[学習]{がくしゅう:training:N4}は30[条]{じょう:Article:N1}の4で[原則]{げんそく:in principle:N2}[適法]{てきほう:lawful:N3}、[ただし]{:however}[特定]{とくてい:specific:N3}[作家]{さっか:author:N4}[模倣]{もほう:imitation:N1}は[NG]{:NG}。⑦[引用]{いんよう:quotation:N3}は4[要件]{ようけん:requirements:N3}（[公表]{こうひょう:published:N3}・[主従]{しゅじゅう:main-subordinate:N1}・[出所]{しゅっしょ:source:N3}・[改変]{かいへん:no modification:N2}）。\n\n#en\nKEY POINTS: (1) A work = creative expression of thoughts\u002Ffeelings (ideas\u002Falgorithms not protected). (2) Moral rights = publication, attribution, integrity (non-transferable). (3) Economic rights = reproduction, public transmission, adaptation (transferable, 70 years after death). (4) Work-for-hire = code written for the job is by default authored by the company (publication-name requirement unnecessary for programs). (5) GPL is viral; MIT\u002FApache\u002FBSD are permissive. (6) AI training is in principle lawful under Art. 30-4, but imitating specific authors is NG. (7) Quotation requires four requirements (published \u002F main-subordinate \u002F source displayed \u002F no modification).\n::\n",{"id":106,"title":109,"titleEn":110,"topicPath":10,"questions":111},"著作権法・景品表示法確認テスト","Copyright Act and Premiums and Misrepresentation Act Check Test",[112,139,162,185,208,232,255,278],{"id":113,"articleId":6,"question":114,"options":117,"correctLabel":119,"explanation":134,"tags":137},"law-chosaku-keihin-quiz-q01",{"en":115,"jp":116},"What are the two major rights composing copyright?","[著作権]{ちょさくけん}を[構成]{こうせい}する[2大権利]{にだいけんり}は？",[118,122,126,130],{"label":119,"jp":120,"en":121},"ア","[著作者人格権]{ちょさくしゃじんかくけん}と[著作財産権]{ちょさくざいさんけん}","moral rights and economic rights",{"label":123,"jp":124,"en":125},"イ","[著作者権]{ちょさくしゃけん}と[著作物権]{ちょさくぶつけん}","author rights and work rights",{"label":127,"jp":128,"en":129},"ウ","[原作権]{げんさくけん}と[翻訳権]{ほんやくけん}","original work rights and translation rights",{"label":131,"jp":132,"en":133},"エ","[公表権]{こうひょうけん}と[非公表権]{ひこうひょうけん}","publication rights and non-publication rights",{"en":135,"jp":136},"Copyright is broadly divided into 'moral rights' tied to the author's personality and 'economic rights' (also called 'copyright' in the narrow sense) protecting economic interests.","[著作権]{ちょさくけん}は[著作者]{ちょさくしゃ}の[人格]{じんかく}に[結]{むす}び[付]{つ}く[「著作者人格権]{ちょさくしゃじんかくけん}[」]{}と、[経済的利益]{けいざいてきりえき}を[守]{まも}る[「著作財産権]{ちょさくざいさんけん}[」]{}（[「著作権]{ちょさくけん}[」]{}とも[呼]{よ}ばれる）に[大別]{たいべつ}されるとされます。",[138],"copyright-basics",{"id":140,"articleId":6,"question":141,"options":144,"correctLabel":123,"explanation":157,"tags":160},"law-chosaku-keihin-quiz-q02",{"en":142,"jp":143},"Under Article 15 of the Copyright Act, who is the author of a 'work made for hire' in principle?","[著作権法]{ちょさくけんほう}[第15条]{だいじゅうごじょう}が[定]{さだ}める[「職務著作]{しょくむちょさく}[」]{}の[著作者]{ちょさくしゃ}は[原則]{げんそく}として[誰]{だれ}？",[145,148,151,154],{"label":119,"jp":146,"en":147},"[創作]{そうさく}した[従業員個人]{じゅうぎょういんこじん}","the individual employee who created it",{"label":123,"jp":149,"en":150},"[法人]{ほうじん}（[使用者]{しようしゃ}・[会社]{かいしゃ}）","the legal entity (employer\u002Fcompany)",{"label":127,"jp":152,"en":153},"[従業員]{じゅうぎょういん}と[法人]{ほうじん}の[共同]{きょうどう}","joint employee and entity",{"label":131,"jp":155,"en":156},"[著作者]{ちょさくしゃ}は[存在]{そんざい}しない","no author exists",{"en":158,"jp":159},"Article 15 stipulates that for works created in the course of duties meeting certain conditions, the legal entity is treated as the author — 'work made for hire.' Exceptions arise where contracts or work rules provide otherwise.","[15条]{じゅうごじょう}は[一定要件]{いっていようけん}を[満]{み}たす[職務上]{しょくむじょう}の[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ}について[法人]{ほうじん}を[著作者]{ちょさくしゃ}とする[「職務著作]{しょくむちょさく}[」]{}を[規定]{きてい}しているとされます。[契約]{けいやく}や[勤務規則]{きんむきそく}で[別段]{べつだん}の[定]{さだ}めがある[場合]{ばあい}は[例外]{れいがい}も[考]{かんが}えられます。",[161],"work-for-hire",{"id":163,"articleId":6,"question":164,"options":167,"correctLabel":123,"explanation":180,"tags":183},"law-chosaku-keihin-quiz-q03",{"en":165,"jp":166},"Under the current Japanese Copyright Act, how are AI-generated works treated as copyrighted works?","[現行]{げんこう}の[日本]{にほん}の[著作権法]{ちょさくけんほう}における[AI生成物]{えーあいせいせいぶつ}の[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ}としての[扱]{あつか}いは？",[168,171,174,177],{"label":119,"jp":169,"en":170},"[全]{すべ}て[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ}として[保護]{ほご}される","all protected as works",{"label":123,"jp":172,"en":173},"[人]{ひと}の[創作的寄与]{そうさくてききよ}があれば[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ}になり[得]{え}るが、[完全自動生成]{かんぜんじどうせいせい}は[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ}と[認]{みと}められない[傾向]{けいこう}","may be a work if there is human creative contribution; fully automated outputs tend not to be",{"label":127,"jp":175,"en":176},"[AI]{えーあい}が[著作者]{ちょさくしゃ}として[認]{みと}められる","AI is recognized as author",{"label":131,"jp":178,"en":179},"[AI生成物]{えーあいせいせいぶつ}は[全]{すべ}て[禁止]{きんし}されている","all AI generation is prohibited",{"en":181,"jp":182},"The Agency for Cultural Affairs's organization indicates that AI outputs may be works if there is human creative contribution (prompt design, editing), while fully automated generation is generally not deemed a work.","[文化庁]{ぶんかちょう}の[整理]{せいり}では[人]{ひと}の[創作的寄与]{そうさくてききよ}（[プロンプト工夫]{ぷろんぷとくふう}・[加筆修正]{かひつしゅうせい}）があれば[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ}と[認]{みと}められうるが、[完全]{かんぜん}な[自動生成]{じどうせいせい}は[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ}に[該当]{がいとう}しないとの[見解]{けんかい}が[示]{しめ}されているとされます。",[184],"ai-generated",{"id":186,"articleId":6,"question":187,"options":190,"correctLabel":127,"explanation":203,"tags":206},"law-chosaku-keihin-quiz-q04",{"en":188,"jp":189},"What is the principal copyright protection period (after the author's death)?","[著作権]{ちょさくけん}の[保護期間]{ほごきかん}（[原則]{げんそく}・[著作者]{ちょさくしゃ}の[死後]{しご}）は？",[191,194,197,200],{"label":119,"jp":192,"en":193},"[死後]{しご}30[年]{ねん}","30 years post-mortem",{"label":123,"jp":195,"en":196},"[死後]{しご}50[年]{ねん}","50 years post-mortem",{"label":127,"jp":198,"en":199},"[死後]{しご}70[年]{ねん}","70 years post-mortem",{"label":131,"jp":201,"en":202},"[永久]{えいきゅう}","permanent",{"en":204,"jp":205},"With the 2018 enforcement of the TPP-related Act, the copyright protection period was extended to a principal 70 years post-mortem.","[2018年]{にせんじゅうはちねん}の[TPP整備法施行]{てぃーぴーぴーせいびほうしこう}により[著作権]{ちょさくけん}の[保護期間]{ほごきかん}は[原則]{げんそく}[死後]{しご}[70年]{ななじゅうねん}に[延長]{えんちょう}されたとされます。",[207],"protection-period",{"id":209,"articleId":210,"question":211,"options":214,"correctLabel":127,"explanation":227,"tags":230},"law-chosaku-keihin-quiz-q05","law-keihin-hyouji",{"en":212,"jp":213},"The stealth marketing regulation (in force October 2023) falls under which category of the Premiums and Misrepresentation Act?","[2023年10月]{にせんにじゅうさんねんじゅうがつ}に[施行]{しこう}された[ステマ規制]{すてまきせい}（[ステルスマーケティング規制]{すてるすまーけてぃんぐきせい}）は[景表法]{けいひょうほう}のどの[類型]{るいけい}？",[215,218,221,224],{"label":119,"jp":216,"en":217},"[優良誤認]{ゆうりょうごにん}","misleading-quality representation",{"label":123,"jp":219,"en":220},"[有利誤認]{ゆうりごにん}","misleading-advantage representation",{"label":127,"jp":222,"en":223},"[不当表示]{ふとうひょうじ}（[告示]{こくじ}による[第3類型]{だいさんるいけい}）","improper representation (third type by notification)",{"label":131,"jp":225,"en":226},"[景品類]{けいひんるい}の[制限]{せいげん}","premium restriction",{"en":228,"jp":229},"The stealth marketing regulation is based on a notification under Article 5(3) of the Act, defining as improper representation 'representations made by a business about its own goods\u002Fservices that consumers find difficult to recognize as advertising'.","[ステマ規制]{すてまきせい}は[景表法]{けいひょうほう}[第5条第3号]{だいごじょうだいさんごう}に[基]{もと}づく[告示]{こくじ}で[「事業者]{じぎょうしゃ}が[自己]{じこ}の[供給]{きょうきゅう}する[商品]{しょうひん}・[役務]{えきむ}の[取引]{とりひき}について[行]{おこな}う[表示]{ひょうじ}であって、[一般消費者]{いっぱんしょうひしゃ}が[当該表示]{とうがいひょうじ}であることを[判別]{はんべつ}することが[困難]{こんなん}であると[認]{みと}められるもの[」]{}を[不当表示]{ふとうひょうじ}と[定]{さだ}めたとされます。",[231],"stealth-marketing",{"id":233,"articleId":210,"question":234,"options":237,"correctLabel":119,"explanation":250,"tags":253},"law-chosaku-keihin-quiz-q06",{"en":235,"jp":236},"What is 'misleading-quality representation' under the Premiums Act?","[景表法]{けいひょうほう}の[「優良誤認表示]{ゆうりょうごにんひょうじ}[」]{}とは？",[238,241,244,247],{"label":119,"jp":239,"en":240},"[商品]{しょうひん}・[役務]{えきむ}の[品質]{ひんしつ}・[規格]{きかく}が[実際]{じっさい}より[著]{いちじる}しく[優良]{ゆうりょう}と[一般消費者]{いっぱんしょうひしゃ}に[誤認]{ごにん}される[表示]{ひょうじ}","representation that misleads consumers into believing quality\u002Fstandards are significantly better than actual",{"label":123,"jp":242,"en":243},"[価格]{かかく}や[取引条件]{とりひきじょうけん}が[実際]{じっさい}より[有利]{ゆうり}と[誤認]{ごにん}される[表示]{ひょうじ}","representation that misleads about prices or terms being more favorable",{"label":127,"jp":245,"en":246},"[広告]{こうこく}の[フォントサイズ]{ふぉんとさいず}に[関]{かん}する[規制]{きせい}","regulation on advertising font size",{"label":131,"jp":248,"en":249},"[景品類]{けいひんるい}の[金額制限]{きんがくせいげん}","monetary limits on premiums",{"en":251,"jp":252},"Misleading-quality representation falls under Article 5(1), prohibiting representations that mislead consumers into thinking quality\u002Fstandards are significantly better than actual. Misleading-advantage (Article 5(2)) concerns prices and trade terms.","[優良誤認表示]{ゆうりょうごにんひょうじ}は[景表法]{けいひょうほう}[5条1号]{ごじょういちごう}に[該当]{がいとう}し、[実際]{じっさい}より[著]{いちじる}しく[品質]{ひんしつ}・[規格]{きかく}が[優]{すぐ}れていると[誤認]{ごにん}させる[表示]{ひょうじ}を[禁止]{きんし}しているとされます。[有利誤認表示]{ゆうりごにんひょうじ}（[2号]{にごう}）は[価格]{かかく}・[取引条件]{とりひきじょうけん}に[関]{かん}するものとされます。",[254],"misleading-quality",{"id":256,"articleId":210,"question":257,"options":260,"correctLabel":127,"explanation":273,"tags":276},"law-chosaku-keihin-quiz-q07",{"en":258,"jp":259},"Which is NOT an administrative measure for violating the Premiums and Misrepresentation Act?","[景表法違反]{けいひょうほういはん}に[対]{たい}する[行政処分]{ぎょうせいしょぶん}に[該当]{がいとう}しないものは？",[261,264,267,270],{"label":119,"jp":262,"en":263},"[措置命令]{そちめいれい}","cease-and-desist order",{"label":123,"jp":265,"en":266},"[課徴金納付命令]{かちょうきんのうふめいれい}","surcharge payment order",{"label":127,"jp":268,"en":269},"[逮捕]{たいほ}","arrest",{"label":131,"jp":271,"en":272},"[再発防止策]{さいはつぼうしさく}の[公示]{こうじ}","publication of recurrence-prevention measures",{"en":274,"jp":275},"Administrative measures by the Consumer Affairs Agency include cease-and-desist orders, surcharge orders, and publication of recurrence-prevention measures. Arrest is a criminal procedure and is not an administrative measure.","[消費者庁]{しょうひしゃちょう}による[行政処分]{ぎょうせいしょぶん}としては[措置命令]{そちめいれい}・[課徴金納付命令]{かちょうきんのうふめいれい}・[再発防止策公示]{さいはつぼうしさくこうじ}などが[挙]{あ}げられますが、[逮捕]{たいほ}は[刑事手続]{けいじてつづき}とされ、[行政処分]{ぎょうせいしょぶん}には[該当]{がいとう}しないとされます。",[277],"enforcement",{"id":279,"articleId":6,"question":280,"options":283,"correctLabel":131,"explanation":296,"tags":299},"law-chosaku-keihin-quiz-q08",{"en":281,"jp":282},"Which is NOT a requirement for legitimately quoting another's copyrighted work?","[他人]{たにん}の[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ}を[「引用]{いんよう}[」]{}するために[満]{み}たすべき[要件]{ようけん}に[該当]{がいとう}しないものは？",[284,287,290,293],{"label":119,"jp":285,"en":286},"[公表]{こうひょう}された[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ}であること","the work has been published",{"label":123,"jp":288,"en":289},"[出所]{しゅっしょ}を[明示]{めいじ}すること","citing the source",{"label":127,"jp":291,"en":292},"[主従関係]{しゅじゅうかんけい}（[自己]{じこ}の[著作物]{ちょさくぶつ}が[主]{しゅ}・[引用部分]{いんようぶぶん}が[従]{じゅう}）が[明確]{めいかく}","main-subordinate relationship is clear",{"label":131,"jp":294,"en":295},"[著作者]{ちょさくしゃ}から[個別]{こべつ}の[許諾]{きょだく}を[必]{かなら}ず[得]{え}る","always obtaining individual permission from the author",{"en":297,"jp":298},"Legitimate quotation under Article 32 generally does not require permission. Requirements include the work being published, citing the source, a clear main-subordinate relationship, minimum necessary use, and no alteration.","[著作権法]{ちょさくけんほう}[32条]{さんじゅうにじょう}に[基]{もと}づく[適法]{てきほう}な[「引用]{いんよう}[」]{}には[許諾]{きょだく}は[原則]{げんそく}[不要]{ふよう}とされます。[公表済]{こうひょうずみ}・[出所明示]{しゅっしょめいじ}・[主従関係]{しゅじゅうかんけい}・[必要最小限]{ひつようさいしょうげん}・[改変]{かいへん}しないなどの[要件]{ようけん}を[満]{み}たす[必要]{ひつよう}があるとされます。",[76]]