[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article:kosei-nenkin":3},{"meta":4,"markdown":81},{"type":5,"articleId":6,"slug":7,"title":8,"titleEn":9,"category":10,"summary":11,"publishedAt":12,"image":13,"vocabulary":14},"article","living-kosei-nenkin","kosei-nenkin","厚生年金と国民年金 — 老後の備えと現役の負担","Employees' Pension and National Pension — Preparing for Retirement and the Active-Worker Burden","living-in-japan","Detailed look at Japan's two-tier public pension system: 国民年金 (Tier 1, mandatory for all residents 20-59, flat monthly premium of approximately 16,980 yen in 2025, with 第1号 self-employed, 第2号 employees, 第3号 spouse-of-employee categories) and 厚生年金 (Tier 2, additional layer for company employees, premium 18.3% of standard remuneration split 50\u002F50 with employer). Eligibility for old-age pension requires 10+ years of contributions, with payouts starting at 65. Catching up missed years via 後納 \u002F 任意加入. Foreigners departing Japan can claim 脱退一時金 (lump-sum withdrawal payment, up to 5 years of premium credits) within 2 years; those covered by social security agreements (e.g. Japan-US, Japan-Germany) can transfer credits across countries.\n","2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","https:\u002F\u002Fimages.yamiyomi.com\u002Fliving-kosei-nenkin.png",[15,20,24,28,32,36,41,45,49,53,57,61,65,69,73,77],{"word":16,"reading":17,"meaning":18,"level":19},"厚生年金","こうせいねんきん","Employees' Pension Insurance","N1",{"word":21,"reading":22,"meaning":23,"level":19},"国民年金","こくみんねんきん","National Pension",{"word":25,"reading":26,"meaning":27,"level":19},"基礎年金","きそねんきん","Basic Pension",{"word":29,"reading":30,"meaning":31,"level":19},"老齢年金","ろうれいねんきん","old-age pension",{"word":33,"reading":34,"meaning":35,"level":19},"受給資格","じゅきゅうしかく","pension eligibility",{"word":37,"reading":38,"meaning":39,"level":40},"保険料","ほけんりょう","insurance premium","N2",{"word":42,"reading":43,"meaning":44,"level":19},"被保険者","ひほけんしゃ","insured person",{"word":46,"reading":47,"meaning":48,"level":19},"第1号被保険者","だいいちごうひほけんしゃ","Category 1 insured person (self-employed)",{"word":50,"reading":51,"meaning":52,"level":19},"第2号被保険者","だいにごうひほけんしゃ","Category 2 insured person (employee)",{"word":54,"reading":55,"meaning":56,"level":19},"第3号被保険者","だいさんごうひほけんしゃ","Category 3 insured person (employee's spouse)",{"word":58,"reading":59,"meaning":60,"level":19},"脱退一時金","だったいいちじきん","lump-sum withdrawal payment",{"word":62,"reading":63,"meaning":64,"level":19},"社会保障協定","しゃかいほしょうきょうてい","social security agreement",{"word":66,"reading":67,"meaning":68,"level":19},"任意加入","にんいかにゅう","voluntary enrollment",{"word":70,"reading":71,"meaning":72,"level":19},"標準報酬月額","ひょうじゅんほうしゅうげつがく","standard monthly remuneration",{"word":74,"reading":75,"meaning":76,"level":19},"受給","じゅきゅう","receipt of benefits",{"word":78,"reading":79,"meaning":80,"level":19},"拠出","きょしゅつ","contribution","\n::para\n[日本]{にほん:Japan:N5}の[公的]{こうてき:public:N4}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}[制度]{せいど:system:N3}は2[階]{かい:tier:N2}[建て]{だて:building:N4}[構造]{こうぞう:structure:N2}になっています。1[階]{かい:tier:N2}[部分]{ぶぶん:portion:N3}は20[歳]{さい:years old:N3}[以上]{いじょう:or more:N4}60[歳]{さい:years old:N3}[未満]{みまん:under:N3}のすべての[居住者]{きょじゅうしゃ:resident:N3}が[加入]{かにゅう:enrolled:N3}する「[国民]{こくみん:national:N3}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}（[基礎]{きそ:basic:N1}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}）」、2[階]{かい:tier:N2}[部分]{ぶぶん:portion:N3}は[会社員]{かいしゃいん:company employees:N4}と[公務員]{こうむいん:civil servants:N3}が[追加]{ついか:additionally:N3}[加入]{かにゅう:enroll:N3}する「[厚生]{こうせい:welfare:N2}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}」です。1[階]{かい:tier:N2}は[全員]{ぜんいん:everyone:N3}[共通]{きょうつう:common:N3}の[最低]{さいてい:minimum:N2}[保障]{ほしょう:guarantee:N1}、2[階]{かい:tier:N2}は[現役]{げんえき:active:N3}[時]{じ:time:N5}の[報酬]{ほうしゅう:remuneration:N1}に[応じた]{おうじた:proportional:N1}[追加]{ついか:additional:N3}[給付]{きゅうふ:benefits:N3}を[提供]{ていきょう:provides:N1}します。\n\n#en\nJapan's public pension system has a two-tier structure. The first tier is the \"National Pension (Basic Pension)\" in which all residents aged 20-59 enroll. The second tier is \"Employees' Pension,\" which company employees and civil servants enroll in additionally. Tier 1 provides a common minimum guarantee for all, while Tier 2 provides additional benefits proportional to remuneration during the active working years.\n::\n\n::heading\n[国民]{こくみん:national:N3}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}（1[階]{かい:tier:N2}）の[基本]{きほん:basics:N1}\n#en\nBasics of the National Pension (Tier 1)\n::\n\n::para\n[国民]{こくみん:national:N3}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}は20[歳]{さい:years old:N3}[以上]{いじょう:or more:N4}60[歳]{さい:years old:N3}[未満]{みまん:under:N3}の[全員]{ぜんいん:everyone:N3}に[加入]{かにゅう:enrollment:N3}[義務]{ぎむ:obligation:N1}があり、[被保険者]{ひほけんしゃ:insured person:N1}は3つの[区分]{くぶん:categories:N2}に[分類]{ぶんるい:classified:N3}されます。①[第]{だい:Category:N1}1[号]{ごう:number:N3}[被保険者]{ひほけんしゃ:insured person:N1}：[自営業者]{じえいぎょうしゃ:self-employed:N2}・[学生]{がくせい:students:N5}・[無職]{むしょく:unemployed:N3}など。[毎月]{まいつき:monthly:N5}[定額]{ていがく:fixed amount:N2}の[保険料]{ほけんりょう:premium:N1}（2025[年度]{ねんど:fiscal year:N4}は[月額]{げつがく:monthly:N2}16,980[円]{えん:yen:N5}）を[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}が[納付]{のうふ:to pay:N1}。②[第]{だい:Category:N1}2[号]{ごう:number:N3}[被保険者]{ひほけんしゃ:insured person:N1}：[厚生]{こうせい:welfare:N2}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}に[加入]{かにゅう:enrolled:N3}している[会社員]{かいしゃいん:employees:N4}・[公務員]{こうむいん:civil servants:N3}。[厚生]{こうせい:welfare:N2}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}[保険料]{ほけんりょう:premium:N1}に[国民]{こくみん:national:N3}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}[分]{ぶん:portion:N5}が[含ま]{ふくま:included:N2}れているため[追加]{ついか:additional:N3}[負担]{ふたん:burden:N2}なし。③[第]{だい:Category:N1}3[号]{ごう:number:N3}[被保険者]{ひほけんしゃ:insured person:N1}：[第]{だい:Category:N1}2[号]{ごう:number:N3}[被保険者]{ひほけんしゃ:insured person:N1}に[扶養]{ふよう:financially supported:N1}される[配偶者]{はいぐうしゃ:spouse:N3}（[年収]{ねんしゅう:annual income:N3}130[万]{まん:ten thousand:N5}[円]{えん:yen:N5}[未満]{みまん:under:N3}）。[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}の[保険料]{ほけんりょう:premium:N1}[負担]{ふたん:burden:N2}なし、[配偶者]{はいぐうしゃ:spouse:N3}が[加入]{かにゅう:enrolled:N3}する[厚生]{こうせい:welfare:N2}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}[制度]{せいど:system:N3}が[一括]{いっかつ:collectively:N1}[負担]{ふたん:to bear:N2}。\n\n#en\nThe National Pension is mandatory for everyone aged 20-59. Insured persons are classified into 3 categories. (1) Category 1 insured person: self-employed, students, unemployed, etc. The individual pays a fixed monthly premium (16,980 yen monthly in fiscal year 2025). (2) Category 2 insured person: company employees and civil servants enrolled in Employees' Pension. No additional burden because the National Pension portion is included in the Employees' Pension premium. (3) Category 3 insured person: a spouse financially supported by a Category 2 person (annual income under 1.3M yen). No premium burden on the individual; the Employees' Pension scheme of which the spouse is a member collectively bears the cost.\n::\n\n::callout\n3[号]{ごう:category:N3}[区分]{くぶん:divisions:N2}まとめ：[第]{だい:Category:N1}1[号]{ごう:number:N3}＝[自営]{じえい:self-employed:N2}・[学生]{がくせい:students:N5}・[無職]{むしょく:unemployed:N3}（[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}[納付]{のうふ:pays:N1}）、[第]{だい:Category:N1}2[号]{ごう:number:N3}＝[会社員]{かいしゃいん:employees:N4}・[公務員]{こうむいん:civil servants:N3}（[厚生]{こうせい:welfare:N2}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}に[内包]{ないほう:included:N2}）、[第]{だい:Category:N1}3[号]{ごう:number:N3}＝[第]{だい:Category:N1}2[号]{ごう:number:N3}の[扶養]{ふよう:supported:N1}[配偶者]{はいぐうしゃ:spouse:N3}（[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}[負担]{ふたん:burden:N2}なし）。\n\n#en\nThree category summary: Category 1 = self-employed\u002Fstudents\u002Funemployed (individual pays), Category 2 = employees\u002Fcivil servants (included in Employees' Pension), Category 3 = supported spouse of Category 2 (no individual burden).\n::\n\n::heading\n[厚生]{こうせい:welfare:N2}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}（2[階]{かい:tier:N2}）の[基本]{きほん:basics:N1}\n#en\nBasics of Employees' Pension (Tier 2)\n::\n\n::para\n[厚生]{こうせい:welfare:N2}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}[保険]{ほけん:insurance:N1}は、[健康]{けんこう:health:N1}[保険]{ほけん:insurance:N1}（[社保]{しゃほ:employees' insurance:N1}）と[同様]{どうよう:similarly:N3}に、[週]{しゅう:per week:N4}30[時間]{じかん:hours:N5}[以上]{いじょう:or more:N4}[勤務]{きんむ:work:N3}する[正社員]{せいしゃいん:regular employees:N4}や[一定]{いってい:certain:N3}[条件]{じょうけん:conditions:N1}を[満たす]{みたす:satisfy:N3}[短時間]{たんじかん:short-time:N2}[労働者]{ろうどうしゃ:workers:N3}が[加入]{かにゅう:enroll:N3}します。[保険料]{ほけんりょう:premium:N1}は「[標準]{ひょうじゅん:standard:N1}[報酬]{ほうしゅう:remuneration:N1}[月額]{げつがく:monthly amount:N2}」（[毎月]{まいつき:monthly:N5}の[給与]{きゅうよ:salary:N3}を[等級]{とうきゅう:grades:N1}に[区分]{くぶん:dividing:N2}した[額]{がく:amount:N2}）に[保険料]{ほけんりょう:premium:N1}[率]{りつ:rate:N1}18.3%（2017[年]{ねん:year:N5}9[月]{がつ:month:N5}[以降]{いこう:onwards:N3}[固定]{こてい:fixed:N2}）を[掛けた]{かけた:multiplied:N3}[額]{がく:amount:N2}で、[労使]{ろうし:employer-employee:N3}が[折半]{せっぱん:to split in half:N3}します。[実際]{じっさい:actual:N3}の[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}[負担]{ふたん:burden:N2}は9.15%です。[賞与]{しょうよ:bonus:N2}（ボーナス）からも「[標準]{ひょうじゅん:standard:N1}[賞与]{しょうよ:bonus:N2}[額]{がく:amount:N2}」をベースに[同率]{どうりつ:same rate:N1}で[徴収]{ちょうしゅう:collected:N1}されます。\n\n#en\nEmployees' Pension Insurance, like employees' health insurance (shaho), enrolls regular employees working 30+ hours weekly and part-time workers meeting certain conditions. The premium is calculated by multiplying the \"standard monthly remuneration\" (monthly salary divided into grade brackets) by the premium rate of 18.3% (fixed since September 2017), split 50\u002F50 between employer and employee. The actual individual burden is 9.15%. Premiums are also collected from bonuses at the same rate based on the \"standard bonus amount.\"\n::\n\n::callout\n[厚生]{こうせい:welfare:N2}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}＝[標準]{ひょうじゅん:standard:N1}[報酬]{ほうしゅう:remuneration:N1}[月額]{げつがく:monthly amount:N2}×18.3%（[労使]{ろうし:employer-employee:N3}[折半]{せっぱん:50\u002F50:N3}）＝[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}9.15%。[国民]{こくみん:national:N3}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}[保険料]{ほけんりょう:premium:N1}（[第]{だい:Category:N1}2[号]{ごう:number:N3}[分]{ぶん:portion:N5}）は[厚生]{こうせい:welfare:N2}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}[保険料]{ほけんりょう:premium:N1}に[包含]{ほうがん:included:N2}される（[二重]{にじゅう:double:N4}[徴収]{ちょうしゅう:collection:N1}なし）。\n\n#en\nEmployees' Pension = standard monthly remuneration × 18.3% (50\u002F50 employer-employee split) = 9.15% personal burden. National Pension premium (for Category 2) is included in the Employees' Pension premium (no double collection).\n::\n\n::heading\n[受給]{じゅきゅう:receipt:N3}[資格]{しかく:eligibility:N3}と[給付]{きゅうふ:benefits:N3}[額]{がく:amount:N2}\n#en\nEligibility and Benefit Amounts\n::\n\n::para\n[老齢]{ろうれい:old-age:N2}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}を[受給]{じゅきゅう:to receive:N3}するには、[保険料]{ほけんりょう:premium:N1}[納付]{のうふ:payment:N1}[期間]{きかん:period:N3}と[免除]{めんじょ:exemption:N1}[期間]{きかん:period:N3}を[合算]{がっさん:combined:N2}した「[受給]{じゅきゅう:receipt:N3}[資格]{しかく:eligibility:N3}[期間]{きかん:period:N3}」が[原則]{げんそく:in principle:N2}10[年]{ねん:years:N5}（120ヶ[月]{げつ:months:N5}）[以上]{いじょう:or more:N4}[必要]{ひつよう:required:N3}です（2017[年]{ねん:year:N5}8[月]{がつ:month:N5}までは25[年]{ねん:years:N5}でしたが[改正]{かいせい:amended:N2}）。[原則]{げんそく:in principle:N2}65[歳]{さい:years old:N3}から[受給]{じゅきゅう:to receive:N3}[開始]{かいし:start:N4}し、60〜64[歳]{さい:years old:N3}での[繰上げ]{くりあげ:early:N1}[受給]{じゅきゅう:claim:N3}（[減額]{げんがく:reduced:N2}）または66〜75[歳]{さい:years old:N3}での[繰下げ]{くりさげ:deferred:N1}[受給]{じゅきゅう:claim:N3}（[増額]{ぞうがく:increased:N2}）も[選択]{せんたく:choice:N1}できます。\n\n#en\nReceiving the old-age pension requires a \"qualifying period\" of in principle 10+ years (120 months), combining premium-paid periods and exemption periods (this was 25 years until August 2017, then amended). In principle, payouts start at age 65, with options for early claim at 60-64 (reduced) or deferred claim at 66-75 (increased).\n::\n\n::para\n[老齢]{ろうれい:old-age:N2}[基礎]{きそ:basic:N1}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}（[国民]{こくみん:national:N3}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}[部分]{ぶぶん:portion:N3}）は、40[年間]{ねんかん:years:N5}（480ヶ[月]{げつ:months:N5}）[満額]{まんがく:full amount:N2}[納付]{のうふ:paid:N1}した[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}、2025[年度]{ねんど:fiscal year:N4}で[年額]{ねんがく:annual amount:N2}[約]{やく:approximately:N3}83[万]{まん:ten thousand:N5}[円]{えん:yen:N5}（[月額]{げつがく:monthly:N2}[約]{やく:approximately:N3}69,000[円]{えん:yen:N5}）が[支給]{しきゅう:provided:N3}されます。[厚生]{こうせい:welfare:N2}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}[部分]{ぶぶん:portion:N3}（2[階]{かい:tier:N2}）は[加入]{かにゅう:enrolled:N3}[期間]{きかん:period:N3}と[平均]{へいきん:average:N2}[標準]{ひょうじゅん:standard:N1}[報酬]{ほうしゅう:remuneration:N1}[月額]{げつがく:monthly amount:N2}に[応じて]{おうじて:according to:N1}[計算]{けいさん:calculated:N2}され、[一般的]{いっぱんてき:typical:N2}な[会社員]{かいしゃいん:company employee:N4}[夫婦]{ふうふ:couple:N3}（[専業]{せんぎょう:full-time:N2}[主婦]{しゅふ:housewife:N3}）の[モデル]{もでる:model}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}は[月額]{げつがく:monthly:N2}[約]{やく:approximately:N3}23[万]{まん:ten thousand:N5}[円]{えん:yen:N5}（[厚生]{こうせい:welfare:N2}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}+[基礎]{きそ:basic:N1}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}[2人]{ふたり:two people:N5}[分]{ぶん:portion:N5}）です。\n\n#en\nThe old-age basic pension (National Pension portion) pays approximately 830,000 yen annually (about 69,000 yen monthly) in fiscal 2025 when premiums have been fully paid for 40 years (480 months). The Employees' Pension portion (Tier 2) is calculated based on enrollment period and average standard monthly remuneration. The model pension for a typical company employee couple (with a full-time housewife) is approximately 230,000 yen monthly (Employees' Pension + Basic Pension for two people).\n::\n\n::callout\n[基本]{きほん:basic:N1}[数字]{すうじ:numbers:N3}：[受給]{じゅきゅう:eligibility:N3}[資格]{しかく:eligibility:N3}10[年]{ねん:years:N5}、[受給]{じゅきゅう:start:N3}[開始]{かいし:starts:N4}65[歳]{さい:years old:N3}、[国民]{こくみん:national:N3}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}[満額]{まんがく:full amount:N2}＝40[年]{ねん:years:N5}[納付]{のうふ:payment:N1}で[年額]{ねんがく:annual:N2}[約]{やく:approximately:N3}83[万]{まん:ten thousand:N5}[円]{えん:yen:N5}。[繰上げ]{くりあげ:early claim:N1}＝1ヶ[月]{かげつ:month:N5}あたり0.4%[減額]{げんがく:reduced:N2}、[繰下げ]{くりさげ:deferred claim:N1}＝1ヶ[月]{かげつ:month:N5}あたり0.7%[増額]{ぞうがく:increased:N2}。\n\n#en\nBasic numbers: 10-year qualifying period, payouts start at age 65, full National Pension = approx. 830,000 yen\u002Fyear for 40 years of contributions. Early claim = 0.4% reduction per month, deferred claim = 0.7% increase per month.\n::\n\n::heading\n[未]{み:un-:N3}[納]{のう:paid:N1}[期間]{きかん:period:N3}・[免除]{めんじょ:exemption:N1}・[追納]{ついのう:catch-up payment:N1}\n#en\nUnpaid Periods, Exemption, and Catch-Up Payment\n::\n\n::para\n[保険料]{ほけんりょう:premium:N1}を[納付]{のうふ:to pay:N1}できない[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}は[市町村]{しちょうそん:municipality:N2}[役所]{やくしょ:office:N3}で[免除]{めんじょ:exemption:N1}[申請]{しんせい:application:N1}を[行う]{おこなう:to perform:N5}ことができます。[免除]{めんじょ:exemption:N1}[制度]{せいど:system:N3}には[全額]{ぜんがく:full:N2}[免除]{めんじょ:exemption:N1}・[4分の]{よんぶんの:three quarters:N5}3[免除]{めんじょ:exemption:N1}・[半額]{はんがく:half:N2}[免除]{めんじょ:exemption:N1}・[4分の]{よんぶんの:one quarter:N5}1[免除]{めんじょ:exemption:N1}があり、[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}[所得]{しょとく:income:N3}に[応じて]{おうじて:depending on:N1}[判定]{はんてい:determined:N3}されます。[学生]{がくせい:students:N5}には「[学生]{がくせい:student:N5}[納付]{のうふ:payment:N1}[特例]{とくれい:exception:N3}」（[卒業]{そつぎょう:graduation:N2}[後]{ご:after:N5}に[追納]{ついのう:catch-up payment:N1}が[可能]{かのう:possible:N3}）、20[代]{だい:age range:N4}・[非正規]{ひせいき:non-regular:N3}[雇用]{こよう:employment:N2}には「[納付]{のうふ:payment:N1}[猶予]{ゆうよ:deferment:N1}[制度]{せいど:system:N3}」があります。\n\n#en\nWhen unable to pay premiums, you can apply for exemption at the municipal office. Exemption types include full exemption, 3\u002F4 exemption, half exemption, and 1\u002F4 exemption, determined based on the individual's income. Students have the \"Student Payment Exception\" (catch-up payment is possible after graduation), and people in their 20s in non-regular employment have the \"Payment Deferment System.\"\n::\n\n::para\n[免除]{めんじょ:exempted:N1}・[猶予]{ゆうよ:deferred:N1}された[保険料]{ほけんりょう:premium:N1}は10[年]{ねん:years:N5}[以内]{いない:within:N3}であれば[追納]{ついのう:catch-up payment:N1}が[可能]{かのう:possible:N3}です。また、60[歳]{さい:years old:N3}[以降]{いこう:onwards:N3}65[歳]{さい:years old:N3}[未満]{みまん:under:N3}の[人]{ひと:person:N5}が[受給]{じゅきゅう:pension:N3}[額]{がく:amount:N2}を[増やす]{ふやす:to increase:N3}ために[国民]{こくみん:national:N3}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}に「[任意]{にんい:voluntary:N3}[加入]{かにゅう:enrollment:N3}」する[制度]{せいど:system:N3}もあり、40[年]{ねん:years:N5}[満額]{まんがく:full amount:N2}に[達して]{たっして:reaching:N3}いない[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}に[活用]{かつよう:utilized:N3}できます。[未]{み:un-:N3}[納]{のう:paid:N1}のまま[放置]{ほうち:to leave:N3}すると[受給]{じゅきゅう:receivable:N3}[額]{がく:amount:N2}が[減る]{へる:to decrease:N2}だけでなく、[障害]{しょうがい:disability:N1}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}・[遺族]{いぞく:bereaved family:N1}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}の[受給]{じゅきゅう:receipt:N3}[資格]{しかく:eligibility:N3}も[失う]{うしなう:to lose:N3}[可能性]{かのうせい:possibility:N3}があるため[要]{よう:requires:N3}[注意]{ちゅうい:caution:N4}です。\n\n#en\nExempted or deferred premiums can be paid catch-up within 10 years. Additionally, those aged 60-64 can use \"voluntary enrollment\" in National Pension to increase pension amounts, useful when 40 years of full payment have not been reached. Leaving premiums unpaid not only reduces the receivable amount but may also forfeit eligibility for disability pension and bereaved family pension, so caution is required.\n::\n\n::callout\n[未]{み:un-:N3}[納]{のう:paid:N1}[対策]{たいさく:countermeasures:N1}：①[免除]{めんじょ:exemption:N1}[申請]{しんせい:application:N1}（[全額]{ぜんがく:full:N2}・3\u002F4・[半額]{はんがく:half:N2}・1\u002F4）、②[学生]{がくせい:student:N5}[納付]{のうふ:payment:N1}[特例]{とくれい:exception:N3}、③[納付]{のうふ:payment:N1}[猶予]{ゆうよ:deferment:N1}（20[代]{だい:age range:N4}・[非正規]{ひせいき:non-regular:N3}）、④10[年]{ねん:year:N5}[以内]{いない:within:N3}の[追納]{ついのう:catch-up payment:N1}、⑤60〜64[歳]{さい:years old:N3}の[任意]{にんい:voluntary:N3}[加入]{かにゅう:enrollment:N3}。[未]{み:un-:N3}[納]{のう:paid:N1}は[障害]{しょうがい:disability:N1}・[遺族]{いぞく:bereaved family:N1}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}にも[影響]{えいきょう:impacts:N1}。\n\n#en\nUnpaid premium countermeasures: (1) exemption application (full, 3\u002F4, half, 1\u002F4), (2) student payment exception, (3) payment deferment (20s, non-regular), (4) catch-up payment within 10 years, (5) voluntary enrollment at 60-64. Unpaid premiums also affect disability and bereaved family pensions.\n::\n\n::heading\n[外国人]{がいこくじん:foreigners:N5}と[脱退]{だったい:withdrawal:N1}[一時金]{いちじきん:lump-sum payment:N5}\n#en\nForeigners and the Lump-Sum Withdrawal Payment\n::\n\n::para\n[日本]{にほん:Japan:N5}を[出国]{しゅっこく:depart:N5}する[外国人]{がいこくじん:foreigners:N5}は、[一定]{いってい:certain:N3}の[要件]{ようけん:requirements:N3}を[満たせ]{みたせ:satisfying:N3}ば「[脱退]{だったい:withdrawal:N1}[一時金]{いちじきん:lump-sum payment:N5}」を[請求]{せいきゅう:claim:N1}できます。[要件]{ようけん:requirements:N3}は、①[日本]{にほん:Japan:N5}[国籍]{こくせき:nationality:N2}を[有して]{ゆうして:holding:N4}いない、②[国民]{こくみん:national:N3}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}・[厚生]{こうせい:welfare:N2}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}の[保険料]{ほけんりょう:premium:N1}[納付]{のうふ:paid:N1}[期間]{きかん:period:N3}が6ヶ[月]{かげつ:months:N5}[以上]{いじょう:or more:N4}、③[老齢]{ろうれい:old-age:N2}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}の[受給]{じゅきゅう:receipt:N3}[資格]{しかく:eligibility:N3}[期間]{きかん:period:N3}（10[年]{ねん:years:N5}）を[満たして]{みたして:satisfying:N3}いない、④[障害]{しょうがい:disability:N1}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}を[受け]{うけ:receiving:N3}ていない、⑤[日本]{にほん:Japan:N5}に[住所]{じゅうしょ:residence:N3}を[有して]{ゆうして:holding:N4}いない、⑥[最後]{さいご:last time:N3}に[資格]{しかく:eligibility:N3}を[喪失]{そうしつ:lost:N1}してから2[年]{ねん:years:N5}[以内]{いない:within:N3}に[請求]{せいきゅう:to claim:N1}、です。[支給]{しきゅう:payable:N3}[額]{がく:amount:N2}は[最大]{さいだい:maximum:N3}5[年]{ねん:years:N5}（60ヶ[月]{げつ:months:N5}）[分]{ぶん:portion:N5}までで、[支給]{しきゅう:payment:N3}[時]{じ:time:N5}に20.42%（[復興]{ふっこう:recovery:N1}[特別]{とくべつ:special:N4}[所得税]{しょとくぜい:income tax:N2}[含む]{ふくむ:included:N2}）の[源泉]{げんせん:source:N1}[徴収]{ちょうしゅう:withheld:N1}が[行わ]{おこなわ:performed:N5}れます。\n\n#en\nForeigners departing Japan can claim a \"lump-sum withdrawal payment\" if they meet certain requirements: (1) do not hold Japanese nationality, (2) have 6+ months of National Pension or Employees' Pension premium payment, (3) do not satisfy the old-age pension eligibility period (10 years), (4) are not receiving disability pension etc., (5) do not have a Japan residence, (6) claim within 2 years of last losing eligibility. The payment covers up to a maximum of 5 years (60 months), with 20.42% withholding (including special reconstruction income tax) at the time of payment.\n::\n\n::heading\n[社会]{しゃかい:social:N4}[保障]{ほしょう:security:N1}[協定]{きょうてい:agreement:N2}\n#en\nSocial Security Agreements\n::\n\n::para\n[国際]{こくさい:international:N3}[的]{てき:-ic:N4}に[就労]{しゅうろう:employment:N1}する[人]{ひと:person:N5}にとって、[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}[保険料]{ほけんりょう:premium:N1}の[二重]{にじゅう:double:N4}[負担]{ふたん:burden:N2}と[加入]{かにゅう:enrollment:N3}[期間]{きかん:period:N3}の[通算]{つうさん:aggregation:N2}を[解決]{かいけつ:to resolve:N3}するのが「[社会]{しゃかい:social:N4}[保障]{ほしょう:security:N1}[協定]{きょうてい:agreement:N2}」です。2026[年]{ねん:year:N5}[現在]{げんざい:present:N3}、[日本]{にほん:Japan:N5}は[米国]{べいこく:USA:N3}・ドイツ・[韓国]{かんこく:Korea:N2}・[英国]{えいこく:UK:N4}・[フランス]{ふらんす:France}・カナダ・[豪州]{ごうしゅう:Australia:N1}・[中国]{ちゅうごく:China:N5}など[20]{にじゅう:twenty}ヶ[国]{こく:countries:N5}[以上]{いじょう:or more:N4}と[協定]{きょうてい:agreements:N2}を[締結]{ていけつ:concluded:N1}しています。[協定]{きょうてい:agreement:N2}[国]{こく:country:N5}間で[一時]{いちじ:temporary:N5}[派遣]{はけん:dispatched:N1}（[原則]{げんそく:in principle:N2}5[年]{ねん:years:N5}[以内]{いない:within:N3}）される[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}は、[派遣]{はけん:dispatched:N1}[元]{もと:origin:N4}[国]{こく:country:N5}の[制度]{せいど:system:N3}にのみ[加入]{かにゅう:enroll:N3}し、[派遣]{はけん:dispatched:N1}[先]{さき:destination:N5}の[制度]{せいど:system:N3}は[免除]{めんじょ:exempted:N1}されます。\n\n#en\nFor international workers, \"social security agreements\" resolve the issues of double pension premium burden and aggregation of enrollment periods. As of 2026, Japan has concluded agreements with over 20 countries including the USA, Germany, South Korea, UK, France, Canada, Australia, and China. When temporarily dispatched between agreement countries (in principle within 5 years), the worker enrolls only in the home country's system and is exempted from the destination country's system.\n::\n\n::para\n[加入]{かにゅう:enrolled:N3}[期間]{きかん:period:N3}の[通算]{つうさん:aggregation:N2}とは、[両国]{りょうこく:both countries:N3}の[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}[制度]{せいど:system:N3}に[加入]{かにゅう:enrolled:N3}していた[期間]{きかん:period:N3}を[合算]{がっさん:summed:N2}して、それぞれの[国]{くに:country:N5}の[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}[受給]{じゅきゅう:receipt:N3}[資格]{しかく:eligibility:N3}[期間]{きかん:period:N3}を[満たす]{みたす:satisfy:N3}かどうかを[判定]{はんてい:determined:N3}する[仕組み]{しくみ:mechanism:N3}です。[例えば]{たとえば:for example:N3}、[米国]{べいこく:USA:N3}で5[年]{ねん:years:N5}・[日本]{にほん:Japan:N5}で6[年]{ねん:years:N5}[加入]{かにゅう:enrolled:N3}した[人]{ひと:person:N5}は、[日本]{にほん:Japan:N5}での10[年]{ねん:years:N5}[要件]{ようけん:requirement:N3}は[単独]{たんどく:alone:N1}では[満たし]{みたし:satisfied:N3}ませんが、[協定]{きょうてい:agreement:N2}による[通算]{つうさん:aggregation:N2}で[受給]{じゅきゅう:eligibility:N3}[資格]{しかく:eligibility:N3}を[得られる]{えられる:can obtain:N3}[可能性]{かのうせい:possibility:N3}があります。ただし[受給]{じゅきゅう:received:N3}[額]{がく:amount:N2}は[各国]{かっこく:each country:N2}での[実]{じつ:actual:N3}[加入]{かにゅう:enrollment:N3}[期間]{きかん:period:N3}に[応じて]{おうじて:according to:N1}[算出]{さんしゅつ:calculated:N2}されます。\n\n#en\nAggregation of enrollment periods is a mechanism that sums periods enrolled in both countries' pension systems to determine whether each country's pension eligibility period is satisfied. For example, a person who was enrolled for 5 years in the USA and 6 years in Japan does not satisfy Japan's 10-year requirement alone, but may be able to obtain eligibility through aggregation under the agreement. However, the receivable amount is calculated according to actual enrollment period in each country.\n::\n\n::callout\n[海外]{かいがい:overseas:N4}[移動]{いどう:movement:N2}[時]{じ:occasion:N5}：①[5年]{ごねん:5 years:N5}[未満]{みまん:less than:N3}・[出国]{しゅっこく:departure:N5}[後]{ご:after:N5}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}[戻り]{もどり:return:N3}[不要]{ふよう:unneeded:N3}＝[脱退]{だったい:withdrawal:N1}[一時金]{いちじきん:lump-sum payment:N5}（2[年]{ねん:years:N5}[以内]{いない:within:N3}[請求]{せいきゅう:claim:N1}）、②[長期]{ちょうき:long-term:N3}[在留]{ざいりゅう:residence:N3}・[協定]{きょうてい:agreement:N2}[国]{こく:country:N5}[出身]{しゅっしん:origin:N4}＝[加入]{かにゅう:enrollment:N3}[期間]{きかん:period:N3}[通算]{つうさん:aggregation:N2}で[本国]{ほんごく:home country:N5}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}も[活用]{かつよう:utilized:N3}、③[短期]{たんき:short-term:N2}[派遣]{はけん:dispatched:N1}（5[年]{ねん:years:N5}[以内]{いない:within:N3}）＝[派遣]{はけん:dispatched:N1}[元]{もと:origin:N4}[国]{こく:country:N5}のみ[加入]{かにゅう:enroll:N3}。\n\n#en\nOverseas movement: (1) less than 5 years, no need to return for pension after departure = lump-sum withdrawal payment (claim within 2 years), (2) long-term residence from agreement country = use aggregation of enrollment periods to also access home country pension, (3) short-term dispatch (within 5 years) = enroll only in dispatching country.\n::\n\n::callout\n[総]{そう:overall:N2}まとめ：①[2階]{にかい:two-tier:N2}[建て]{だて:building:N4}[構造]{こうぞう:structure:N2}＝[国民]{こくみん:national:N3}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}+[厚生]{こうせい:welfare:N2}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}、②[国民]{こくみん:national:N3}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}3[区分]{くぶん:categories:N2}＝[第]{だい:Category:N1}1[号]{ごう:number:N3}（[自営]{じえい:self-employed:N2}）・[第]{だい:Category:N1}2[号]{ごう:number:N3}（[会社員]{かいしゃいん:employee:N4}）・[第]{だい:Category:N1}3[号]{ごう:number:N3}（[扶養]{ふよう:supported:N1}[配偶者]{はいぐうしゃ:spouse:N3}）、③[厚生]{こうせい:welfare:N2}[年金]{ねんきん:pension:N5}[料率]{りょうりつ:rate:N1}18.3%・[労使]{ろうし:employer-employee:N3}[折半]{せっぱん:50\u002F50:N3}、④[受給]{じゅきゅう:eligibility:N3}[資格]{しかく:eligibility:N3}10[年]{ねん:years:N5}・[原則]{げんそく:in principle:N2}65[歳]{さい:years old:N3}[受給]{じゅきゅう:claim:N3}[開始]{かいし:start:N4}、⑤[未]{み:un-:N3}[納]{のう:paid:N1}は[免除]{めんじょ:exemption:N1}[申請]{しんせい:application:N1}+10[年]{ねん:years:N5}[以内]{いない:within:N3}[追納]{ついのう:catch-up payment:N1}、⑥[出国]{しゅっこく:departure:N5}[外国人]{がいこくじん:foreigners:N5}は[脱退]{だったい:withdrawal:N1}[一時金]{いちじきん:lump-sum payment:N5}（2[年]{ねん:years:N5}[以内]{いない:within:N3}・[最大]{さいだい:max:N3}5[年]{ねん:years:N5}[分]{ぶん:portion:N5}）、⑦[協定]{きょうてい:agreement:N2}[国]{こく:country:N5}は[期間]{きかん:period:N3}[通算]{つうさん:aggregation:N2}+[二重]{にじゅう:double:N4}[加入]{かにゅう:enrollment:N3}[防止]{ぼうし:prevention:N2}。\n\n#en\nSummary: (1) two-tier structure = National Pension + Employees' Pension, (2) National Pension 3 categories = Category 1 (self-employed), Category 2 (employee), Category 3 (supported spouse), (3) Employees' Pension rate 18.3%, 50\u002F50 employer-employee split, (4) 10-year qualifying period, in principle payouts start at 65, (5) unpaid premiums = exemption application + catch-up payment within 10 years, (6) departing foreigners = lump-sum withdrawal payment (within 2 years, max 5 years), (7) agreement countries = period aggregation + prevention of double enrollment.\n::\n"]