[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"news:jp-shugiin-kaisan":3},{"meta":4,"markdown":64},{"type":5,"articleId":6,"slug":7,"title":8,"titleEn":9,"category":10,"summary":11,"publishedAt":12,"vocabulary":13},"news","news-jp-shugiin-kaisan","jp-shugiin-kaisan","衆議院解散と総選挙の仕組み","Dissolution of the Lower House and General Elections","jp-politics","An overview of how Japan dissolves the House of Representatives and runs a general election — the Prime Minister's dissolution power, Article 7 vs. Article 69 dissolutions, the 40-day campaign window, and the dual single-seat \u002F proportional-block voting system that decides the 465 seats.\n","2026-04-15T00:00:00Z",[14,19,23,28,32,36,40,44,48,52,56,60],{"word":15,"reading":16,"meaning":17,"level":18},"解散","かいさん","dissolution","N2",{"word":20,"reading":21,"meaning":22,"level":18},"総選挙","そうせんきょ","general election",{"word":24,"reading":25,"meaning":26,"level":27},"衆議院","しゅうぎいん","House of Representatives","N1",{"word":29,"reading":30,"meaning":31,"level":18},"内閣","ないかく","cabinet",{"word":33,"reading":34,"meaning":35,"level":18},"首相","しゅしょう","prime minister",{"word":37,"reading":38,"meaning":39,"level":27},"不信任","ふしんにん","no-confidence",{"word":41,"reading":42,"meaning":43,"level":27},"公示","こうじ","official announcement of an election",{"word":45,"reading":46,"meaning":47,"level":27},"投開票","とうかいひょう","voting and ballot counting",{"word":49,"reading":50,"meaning":51,"level":27},"小選挙区","しょうせんきょく","single-seat constituency",{"word":53,"reading":54,"meaning":55,"level":27},"比例代表","ひれいだいひょう","proportional representation",{"word":57,"reading":58,"meaning":59,"level":18},"議席","ぎせき","parliamentary seat",{"word":61,"reading":62,"meaning":63,"level":18},"任期","にんき","term of office","\n::para\n[衆議院]{しゅうぎいん:House of Representatives:N1}の[解散]{かいさん:dissolution:N3}と[総選挙]{そうせんきょ:general election:N1}は、[日本]{にほん:Japan:N5}の[政治]{せいじ:politics:N3}が[大きく]{おおきく:greatly:N5}[動く]{うごく:moves:N4}[局面]{きょくめん:phase:N3}です。[本記事]{ほんきじ:this article:N3}では、[公開]{こうかい:public:N4}されている[制度]{せいど:system:N3}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}を[基に]{もとに:based on:N1}、[解散]{かいさん:dissolution:N3}の[仕組み]{しくみ:mechanism:N3}と[選挙]{せんきょ:election:N1}までの[流れ]{ながれ:flow:N3}を[整理]{せいり:organize:N1}します。\n\n#en\nDissolution of the House of Representatives and the general election is a phase in which Japanese politics moves greatly. Based on publicly available institutional information, this article organizes the dissolution mechanism and the flow up to the election.\n::\n\n::heading\n[衆議院]{しゅうぎいん:Lower House:N1}の[任期]{にんき:term:N3}と[解散]{かいさん:dissolution:N3}[権]{けん:power:N3}\n\n#en\nThe Lower House Term and the Power to Dissolve\n::\n\n::para\n[衆議院]{しゅうぎいん:Lower House:N1}[議員]{ぎいん:member:N3}の[任期]{にんき:term of office:N3}は[憲法]{けんぽう:Constitution:N1}[第]{だい:No.:N1}45[条]{じょう:article:N1}により4[年]{ねん:years:N5}と[定められて]{さだめられて:set:N3}いますが、[実際]{じっさい:in practice:N3}には[満了]{まんりょう:full term:N2}まで[続く]{つづく:continues:N3}ことは[まれ]{まれ:rare}です。[内閣]{ないかく:cabinet:N1}が[衆議院]{しゅうぎいん:Lower House:N1}を[解散]{かいさん:dissolution:N3}する[権限]{けんげん:authority:N3}を[持って]{もって:holds:N4}おり、[首相]{しゅしょう:prime minister:N3}が[政治]{せいじ:political:N3}[判断]{はんだん:judgment:N3}で[時期]{じき:timing:N3}を[選ぶ]{えらぶ:choose:N3}のが[通例]{つうれい:customary:N3}とされています。\n\n#en\nThe term of office for Lower House members is set at four years by Article 45 of the Constitution, but in practice it is rare for the term to run to its end. The cabinet holds the authority to dissolve the Lower House, and it is customary for the prime minister to choose the timing as a political judgment.\n::\n\n::heading\n[第]{だい:No.:N1}7[条]{じょう:article:N1}[解散]{かいさん:dissolution:N3}と[第]{だい:No.:N1}69[条]{じょう:article:N1}[解散]{かいさん:dissolution:N3}\n\n#en\nArticle 7 Dissolutions vs. Article 69 Dissolutions\n::\n\n::para\n[解散]{かいさん:dissolution:N3}には[大きく]{おおきく:broadly:N5}[二つ]{ふたつ:two:N5}の[類型]{るいけい:types:N2}があるとされます。[一つ]{ひとつ:one:N5}は[憲法]{けんぽう:Constitution:N1}[第]{だい:No.:N1}7[条]{じょう:article:N1}に[基づく]{もとづく:based on:N1}「[七条]{しちじょう:Article 7:N1}[解散]{かいさん:dissolution:N3}」で、[天皇]{てんのう:Emperor:N1}の[国事]{こくじ:state:N4}[行為]{こうい:act:N1}としての[解散]{かいさん:dissolution:N3}を[内閣]{ないかく:cabinet:N1}の[助言]{じょげん:advice:N3}と[承認]{しょうにん:approval:N2}により[行う]{おこなう:carry out:N5}[形]{かたち:form:N3}です。もう[一つ]{ひとつ:one:N5}は[第]{だい:No.:N1}69[条]{じょう:article:N1}に[基づく]{もとづく:based on:N1}[解散]{かいさん:dissolution:N3}で、[内閣]{ないかく:cabinet:N1}[不信任]{ふしんにん:no-confidence:N3}[決議]{けつぎ:resolution:N3}が[可決]{かけつ:passed:N3}された[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}に、10[日以内]{にちいない:within 10 days:N3}に[衆議院]{しゅうぎいん:Lower House:N1}を[解散]{かいさん:dissolution:N3}するか[内閣]{ないかく:cabinet:N1}が[総辞職]{そうじしょく:resign en masse:N2}するかを[選ぶ]{えらぶ:choose:N3}[仕組み]{しくみ:mechanism:N3}です。\n\n#en\nThere are said to be broadly two types of dissolution. One is the \"Article 7 dissolution\" based on Article 7 of the Constitution — a dissolution carried out as a state act of the Emperor on the advice and approval of the cabinet. The other is dissolution based on Article 69, in which, if a cabinet no-confidence resolution passes, the cabinet must within 10 days either dissolve the Lower House or resign en masse.\n::\n\n::callout\n[戦後]{せんご:postwar:N3}の[実例]{じつれい:actual examples:N3}の[多く]{おおく:many:N4}は[七条]{しちじょう:Article 7:N1}[解散]{かいさん:dissolution:N3}とされ、[首相]{しゅしょう:prime minister:N3}が[政権]{せいけん:government:N3}にとって[有利]{ゆうり:advantageous:N3}な[時期]{じき:timing:N3}を[選んで]{えらんで:choose:N3}[行使]{こうし:exercise:N4}してきたと[評価]{ひょうか:evaluated:N1}されています。\n\n#en\nMany of the postwar examples are said to have been Article 7 dissolutions, and they have been evaluated as cases where the prime minister exercised the power at a timing advantageous to the ruling government.\n::\n\n::heading\n[解散]{かいさん:dissolution:N3}から[投開票]{とうかいひょう:vote:N1}までの[日程]{にってい:schedule:N3}\n\n#en\nThe Schedule from Dissolution to Voting\n::\n\n::para\n[衆議院]{しゅうぎいん:Lower House:N1}が[解散]{かいさん:dissolved:N3}されると、[公職]{こうしょく:public office:N3}[選挙]{せんきょ:election:N1}[法]{ほう:law:N3}により40[日以内]{にちいない:within 40 days:N3}に[総選挙]{そうせんきょ:general election:N1}を[実施]{じっし:conduct:N1}しなければならないと[されて]{されて:said to be}います。[実際]{じっさい:in practice:N3}の[流れ]{ながれ:flow:N3}としては、[解散]{かいさん:dissolution:N3}の[後]{あと:after:N5}に[内閣]{ないかく:cabinet:N1}が[選挙]{せんきょ:election:N1}[期日]{きじつ:date:N3}を[閣議]{かくぎ:cabinet meeting:N1}[決定]{けってい:decide:N3}し、[公示]{こうじ:official announcement:N3}[日]{び:day:N5}から12[日間]{にちかん:days:N5}の[選挙]{せんきょ:election:N1}[運動]{うんどう:campaign:N4}[期間]{きかん:period:N3}を[経て]{へて:passing through:N3}[投開票]{とうかいひょう:voting and counting:N1}を[迎える]{むかえる:arrive at:N3}のが[通例]{つうれい:standard:N3}と[されて]{されて:said to be}います。\n\n#en\nOnce the Lower House is dissolved, a general election must be held within 40 days under the Public Offices Election Act. In practice, the cabinet decides the election date in a cabinet meeting after dissolution, and it is standard to arrive at voting and ballot counting after a 12-day campaign period from the day of official announcement.\n::\n\n::heading\n[小選挙区]{しょうせんきょく:single-seat constituency:N1}と[比例代表]{ひれいだいひょう:proportional representation:N2}\n\n#en\nSingle-Seat Constituencies and Proportional Representation\n::\n\n::para\n[現行]{げんこう:current:N3}[制度]{せいど:system:N3}では[衆議院]{しゅうぎいん:Lower House:N1}の[定数]{ていすう:total seats:N3}は465[議席]{ぎせき:seats:N3}とされており、[内訳]{うちわけ:breakdown:N1}は[小選挙区]{しょうせんきょく:single-seat constituency:N1}289[議席]{ぎせき:seats:N3}と[比例代表]{ひれいだいひょう:proportional representation:N2}176[議席]{ぎせき:seats:N3}です。[有権者]{ゆうけんしゃ:voter:N3}は[投票所]{とうひょうじょ:polling place:N1}で[二]{に:two:N5}[枚]{まい:sheets:N2}の[投票用紙]{とうひょうようし:ballot:N1}を[受け取り]{うけとり:receive:N3}、[一]{いち:one:N5}[枚]{まい:sheet:N2}には[小選挙区]{しょうせんきょく:single-seat district:N1}の[候補者]{こうほしゃ:candidate:N2}[名]{めい:name:N5}を、もう[一]{いち:one:N5}[枚]{まい:sheet:N2}には[比例代表]{ひれいだいひょう:proportional:N2}[ブロック]{ぶろっく:block}の[政党]{せいとう:political party:N2}[名]{めい:name:N5}を[書いて]{かいて:write:N5}[投じる]{とうじる:cast:N3}[仕組み]{しくみ:mechanism:N3}と[されて]{されて:said to be}います。\n\n#en\nUnder the current system, the total number of Lower House seats is said to be 465 — broken down into 289 single-seat constituency seats and 176 proportional representation seats. Voters receive two ballots at the polling place: on one they write the name of a candidate in their single-seat district, and on the other they write the name of a political party in the proportional block.\n::\n\n::heading\n[比例]{ひれい:proportional:N2}[ブロック]{ぶろっく:block}と[復活]{ふっかつ:revival:N2}[当選]{とうせん:election:N3}\n\n#en\nProportional Blocks and \"Revival\" Wins\n::\n\n::para\n[全国]{ぜんこく:nationwide:N3}は11の[比例代表]{ひれいだいひょう:proportional:N2}[ブロック]{ぶろっく:block}に[区分]{くぶん:divided:N2}されており、[各]{かく:each:N2}[政党]{せいとう:party:N2}は[得票数]{とくひょうすう:vote count:N1}に[応じて]{おうじて:according to:N1}[ドント方式]{どんとほうしき:D'Hondt method:N3}で[議席]{ぎせき:seats:N3}を[配分]{はいぶん:allocate:N3}されます。[小選挙区]{しょうせんきょく:single-seat district:N1}と[比例]{ひれい:proportional:N2}の[両方]{りょうほう:both:N3}に[重複]{ちょうふく:duplicate:N2}[立候補]{りっこうほ:candidacy:N2}した[候補者]{こうほしゃ:candidate:N2}は、[小選挙区]{しょうせんきょく:single-seat district:N1}で[落選]{らくせん:defeated:N3}しても[惜敗]{せきはい:close-loss:N1}[率]{りつ:ratio:N1}に[応じて]{おうじて:according to:N1}[比例]{ひれい:proportional:N2}で[復活]{ふっかつ:revival:N2}[当選]{とうせん:elected:N3}する[可能性]{かのうせい:possibility:N3}があると[されて]{されて:said to be}います。\n\n#en\nThe country is divided into 11 proportional representation blocks, and seats are allocated to each party by the D'Hondt method according to their vote totals. Candidates who run in both a single-seat district and on the proportional list can, even if defeated in the single-seat district, be elected through \"revival wins\" on the proportional list according to their close-loss ratio.\n::\n\n::heading\n[解散]{かいさん:dissolution:N3}が[政局]{せいきょく:political situation:N3}に[与える]{あたえる:gives:N3}[影響]{えいきょう:impact:N1}\n\n#en\nThe Impact of Dissolution on the Political Landscape\n::\n\n::para\n[首相]{しゅしょう:prime minister:N3}が[いつ]{いつ:when}[解散]{かいさん:dissolution:N3}に[踏み切る]{ふみきる:take the plunge:N1}かは、[支持率]{しじりつ:approval rating:N1}や[経済]{けいざい:economic:N3}[情勢]{じょうせい:conditions:N2}、[与党]{よとう:ruling party:N2}[内]{ない:internal:N3}の[力学]{りきがく:dynamics:N4}など[多くの]{おおくの:many:N4}[要素]{ようそ:factors:N1}を[踏まえて]{ふまえて:taking into account:N1}[判断]{はんだん:judged:N3}されると[見られて]{みられて:are seen:N5}います。[解散]{かいさん:dissolution:N3}の[時期]{じき:timing:N3}が[政権]{せいけん:administration:N3}の[行方]{ゆくえ:fate:N4}を[左右]{さゆう:greatly affect:N5}することも[多く]{おおく:often:N4}、[政治]{せいじ:political:N3}[家]{か:figure:N4}にとって[最も]{もっとも:most:N3}[重い]{おもい:weighty:N4}[決断]{けつだん:decision:N3}の[一つ]{ひとつ:one:N5}と[言われて]{いわれて:said to be:N4}います。\n\n#en\nWhen a prime minister takes the plunge to dissolve is seen as judged based on many factors — approval ratings, economic conditions, internal dynamics within the ruling party. The timing of dissolution often greatly affects the fate of the administration, and is said to be one of the weightiest decisions facing political figures.\n::\n\n::heading\n[投票]{とうひょう:voting:N1}[区分]{くぶん:categories:N2}と[参加]{さんか:participation:N3}[資格]{しかく:eligibility:N3}\n\n#en\nVoting Categories and Eligibility to Participate\n::\n\n::para\n[投票]{とうひょう:voting:N1}[資格]{しかく:eligibility:N3}は[満]{まん:full:N3}18[歳以上]{さいいじょう:and above:N3}の[日本]{にほん:Japanese:N5}[国民]{こくみん:national:N3}とされており、[選挙]{せんきょ:election:N1}[人]{にん:person:N5}[名簿]{めいぼ:registry:N1}に[登録]{とうろく:registered:N2}されている[必要]{ひつよう:need:N3}があります。[投票]{とうひょう:voting:N1}[当日]{とうじつ:on the day:N3}に[投票所]{とうひょうじょ:polling place:N1}に[行けない]{いけない:cannot go:N5}[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}は、[期日前]{きじつぜん:before the date:N3}[投票]{とうひょう:voting:N1}や[不在者]{ふざいしゃ:absentee:N3}[投票]{とうひょう:voting:N1}の[制度]{せいど:system:N3}を[利用]{りよう:use:N3}することができると[されて]{されて:said to be}います。[在外]{ざいがい:overseas:N3}[邦人]{ほうじん:Japanese national:N1}にも[在外]{ざいがい:overseas:N3}[投票]{とうひょう:voting:N1}[制度]{せいど:system:N3}が[整備]{せいび:in place:N1}されています。\n\n#en\nVoting eligibility is for Japanese nationals aged 18 or older who must be registered on the electoral register. If unable to go to the polling place on voting day, it is said voters can use the early voting or absentee voting systems. Japanese nationals living overseas also have an overseas voting system in place.\n::\n"]