[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article:kjh-k1-h09-jikkousei":3},{"meta":4,"markdown":217,"quiz":218},{"type":5,"articleId":6,"slug":6,"title":7,"titleEn":8,"category":9,"order":10,"seriesLabel":11,"summary":12,"publishedAt":13,"image":14,"tags":15,"vocabulary":18,"quizId":213,"source":214},"article","kjh-k1-h09-jikkousei","課題Ⅰ 第９編 実効性を担保する仕組み等","Part 9: Mechanisms for Ensuring Effectiveness","kojin-joho-hogo\u002Fkadai-1",1090,"課題Ⅰ 第９編","In-depth coverage of mechanisms ensuring the effectiveness of Japan's personal information protection law: complaint handling (Art. 40), PPC structure and independence (9 members), escalating supervisory powers (report collection Art. 146, guidance Art. 147, recommendation Art. 148, order Art. 148-3, urgent order Art. 148-2), certified protection organizations (Art. 47-56) and their guidelines, and detailed criminal penalties (Art. 176-185) including the dual punishment provision with corporate fines up to 100 million yen after the 2020 amendment.","2026-04-26T00:00:00Z","https:\u002F\u002Fimages.yamiyomi.com\u002Fkjh-k1-h09-jikkousei.png",[16,17],"exam:個人情報保護士","topic:実効性確保",[19,24,28,33,37,41,45,49,53,57,61,65,69,73,77,81,85,89,93,97,101,105,109,113,117,121,125,129,133,137,141,145,149,153,157,161,165,169,173,177,181,185,189,193,197,201,205,209],{"word":20,"reading":21,"meaning":22,"level":23},"苦情","くじょう","complaint","N2",{"word":25,"reading":26,"meaning":27,"level":23},"処理","しょり","processing, handling",{"word":29,"reading":30,"meaning":31,"level":32},"迅速","じんそく","prompt, swift","N1",{"word":34,"reading":35,"meaning":36,"level":32},"努力義務","どりょくぎむ","effort obligation (non-binding duty)",{"word":38,"reading":39,"meaning":40,"level":23},"放置","ほうち","neglect, leaving as-is",{"word":42,"reading":43,"meaning":44,"level":23},"体制","たいせい","system, structure",{"word":46,"reading":47,"meaning":48,"level":23},"整備","せいび","establishment, maintenance",{"word":50,"reading":51,"meaning":52,"level":23},"窓口","まどぐち","contact point, counter",{"word":54,"reading":55,"meaning":56,"level":32},"策定","さくてい","formulation, establishment",{"word":58,"reading":59,"meaning":60,"level":23},"独立性","どくりつせい","independence",{"word":62,"reading":63,"meaning":64,"level":32},"外局","がいきょく","external bureau",{"word":66,"reading":67,"meaning":68,"level":32},"指揮命令","しきめいれい","direction and orders",{"word":70,"reading":71,"meaning":72,"level":23},"委員長","いいんちょう","chairperson",{"word":74,"reading":75,"meaning":76,"level":23},"任命","にんめい","appointment",{"word":78,"reading":79,"meaning":80,"level":23},"事務局","じむきょく","secretariat",{"word":82,"reading":83,"meaning":84,"level":23},"監視","かんし","monitoring, surveillance",{"word":86,"reading":87,"meaning":88,"level":23},"監督","かんとく","supervision, oversight",{"word":90,"reading":91,"meaning":92,"level":32},"報告徴収","ほうこくちょうしゅう","report collection",{"word":94,"reading":95,"meaning":96,"level":32},"立入検査","たちいりけんさ","on-site inspection",{"word":98,"reading":99,"meaning":100,"level":32},"帳簿","ちょうぼ","books, ledger",{"word":102,"reading":103,"meaning":104,"level":23},"指導","しどう","guidance, instruction",{"word":106,"reading":107,"meaning":108,"level":32},"助言","じょげん","advice, counsel",{"word":110,"reading":111,"meaning":112,"level":32},"勧告","かんこく","recommendation",{"word":114,"reading":115,"meaning":116,"level":23},"命令","めいれい","order, command",{"word":118,"reading":119,"meaning":120,"level":32},"拘束力","こうそくりょく","binding force",{"word":122,"reading":123,"meaning":124,"level":32},"是正","ぜせい","correction, rectification",{"word":126,"reading":127,"meaning":128,"level":32},"緊急命令","きんきゅうめいれい","urgent order",{"word":130,"reading":131,"meaning":132,"level":32},"漏えい","ろうえい","leakage, leak",{"word":134,"reading":135,"meaning":136,"level":23},"認定","にんてい","certification, accreditation",{"word":138,"reading":139,"meaning":140,"level":23},"推進","すいしん","promotion, advancement",{"word":142,"reading":143,"meaning":144,"level":32},"指針","ししん","guidelines, guiding principles",{"word":146,"reading":147,"meaning":148,"level":32},"遵守","じゅんしゅ","compliance, observance",{"word":150,"reading":151,"meaning":152,"level":23},"消費者","しょうひしゃ","consumer",{"word":154,"reading":155,"meaning":156,"level":32},"罰則","ばっそく","penal provisions, penalties",{"word":158,"reading":159,"meaning":160,"level":32},"懲役","ちょうえき","imprisonment",{"word":162,"reading":163,"meaning":164,"level":23},"罰金","ばっきん","fine, penalty",{"word":166,"reading":167,"meaning":168,"level":32},"不正提供","ふせいていきょう","improper provision",{"word":170,"reading":171,"meaning":172,"level":32},"不正取得","ふせいしゅとく","improper acquisition",{"word":174,"reading":175,"meaning":176,"level":32},"窃取","せっしゅ","theft, stealing",{"word":178,"reading":179,"meaning":180,"level":32},"詐欺","さぎ","fraud, swindle",{"word":182,"reading":183,"meaning":184,"level":32},"虚偽","きょぎ","false, untrue",{"word":186,"reading":187,"meaning":188,"level":32},"両罰規定","りょうばつきてい","dual punishment provision",{"word":190,"reading":191,"meaning":192,"level":32},"抑止力","よくしりょく","deterrence",{"word":194,"reading":195,"meaning":196,"level":32},"実効性","じっこうせい","effectiveness, efficacy",{"word":198,"reading":199,"meaning":200,"level":32},"担保","たんぽ","guarantee, security",{"word":202,"reading":203,"meaning":204,"level":32},"多層的","たそうてき","multi-layered",{"word":206,"reading":207,"meaning":208,"level":23},"自主的","じしゅてき","voluntary, autonomous",{"word":210,"reading":211,"meaning":212,"level":23},"段階的","だんかいてき","gradual, step-by-step","kjh-k1-h09-quiz",{"name":215,"url":216},"個人情報保護士試験対策","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.joho-gakushu.or.jp\u002Fpiip\u002F","\n::para\n[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護法]{ほごほう:protection law:N1}は、[法律]{ほうりつ:law:N2}の[実効性]{じっこうせい:effectiveness:N2}を[担保]{たんぽ:guarantee:N1}するために、[苦情]{くじょう:complaint:N3}[処理]{しょり:processing:N3}、[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[監督]{かんとく:supervision:N1}、[民間]{みんかん:private sector:N3}[団体]{だんたい:organization:N2}による[自主的]{じしゅてき:voluntary:N4}な[取組み]{とりくみ:efforts:N3}、そして[罰則]{ばっそく:penalties:N1}という[多層的]{たそうてき:multi-layered:N2}な[仕組み]{しくみ:mechanism:N3}を[用意]{ようい:prepare:N4}しています。この[編]{へん:part:N2}では、それぞれの[仕組み]{しくみ:mechanism:N3}を[詳しく]{くわしく:in detail:N1}[見て]{みて:look at:N5}いきます。\n\n#en\nThe Act on the Protection of Personal Information prepares a multi-layered mechanism to guarantee the law's effectiveness: complaint handling, administrative supervision, voluntary efforts by private organizations, and penalties. In this part, we will look at each mechanism in detail.\n::\n\n::heading\n[苦情]{くじょう:complaint:N3}[処理]{しょり:processing:N3}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}40[条]{じょう:article:N1}）\n\n#en\nComplaint handling (Article 40)\n::\n\n::para\n[法]{ほう:law:N3}40[条]{じょう:article:N1}により、[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[取扱]{とりあつかい:handling:N1}[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}は、[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}の[取扱い]{とりあつかい:handling:N1}に[関する]{かんする:regarding:N3}[苦情]{くじょう:complaint:N3}の[適切]{てきせつ:appropriate:N3}かつ[迅速]{じんそく:prompt:N1}な[処理]{しょり:processing:N3}に[努め]{つとめ:to endeavor:N3}なければなりません。これは[努力]{どりょく:effort:N3}[義務]{ぎむ:obligation:N1}であり、[法的]{ほうてき:legal:N3}[拘束力]{こうそくりょく:binding force:N1}のある[義務]{ぎむ:obligation:N1}ではありませんが、[苦情]{くじょう:complaint:N3}を[放置]{ほうち:to neglect:N3}すれば[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[指導]{しどう:guidance:N2}の[対象]{たいしょう:subject:N2}になり[得]{え:can:N3}ます。[具体的]{ぐたいてき:specifically:N3}には、[苦情]{くじょう:complaint:N3}[受付]{うけつけ:reception:N3}[窓口]{まどぐち:contact point:N3}の[設置]{せっち:establishment:N2}、[苦情]{くじょう:complaint:N3}[処理]{しょり:processing:N3}[手順]{てじゅん:procedure:N2}の[策定]{さくてい:formulation:N1}、[苦情]{くじょう:complaint:N3}[処理]{しょり:processing:N3}[担当者]{たんとうしゃ:person in charge:N2}の[配置]{はいち:assignment:N3}などが[求められ]{もとめられ:required:N3}ます。\n\n#en\nUnder Article 40, personal information handling business operators must endeavor to process complaints about the handling of personal information appropriately and promptly. This is an \"effort obligation\" (努力義務) — not a legally binding duty — but neglecting complaints can lead to becoming subject to administrative guidance. Specifically, establishing complaint reception contact points, formulating complaint processing procedures, and assigning complaint processing personnel are required.\n::\n\n::heading\n[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}[委員会]{いいんかい:commission:N2}の[概要]{がいよう:overview:N1}\n\n#en\nOverview of the Personal Information Protection Commission\n::\n\n::para\n[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}[委員会]{いいんかい:commission:N2}（PPC）は、[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}の[適正]{てきせい:proper:N3}な[取扱い]{とりあつかい:handling:N1}を[確保]{かくほ:ensure:N1}するための[独立]{どくりつ:independent:N1}した[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[委員会]{いいんかい:commission:N2}です。[内閣]{ないかく:cabinet:N1}[府]{ふ:office:N2}の[外局]{がいきょく:external bureau:N3}として[設置]{せっち:established:N2}され、[他]{た:other:N3}の[行政]{ぎょうせい:administrative:N3}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}から[指揮]{しき:direction:N1}[命令]{めいれい:order:N2}を[受ける]{うける:to receive:N3}ことはありません。この[独立性]{どくりつせい:independence:N1}は、[政治的]{せいじてき:political:N3}な[圧力]{あつりょく:pressure:N2}から[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}の[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}を[守る]{まもる:to protect:N3}ために[極めて]{きわめて:extremely:N2}[重要]{じゅうよう:important:N3}です。\n\n#en\nThe Personal Information Protection Commission (PPC) is an independent administrative commission established to ensure the proper handling of personal information. It is established as an external bureau of the Cabinet Office and cannot receive direction or orders from other administrative agencies. This independence is extremely important for protecting personal information from political pressure.\n::\n\n::heading\nPPCの[構成]{こうせい:composition:N3}と[組織]{そしき:organization:N1}\n\n#en\nPPC composition and organization\n::\n\n::para\nPPCは[委員長]{いいんちょう:chairperson:N2}1[名]{めい:person:N5}と[委員]{いいん:member:N2}8[名]{めい:person:N5}の[合計]{ごうけい:total:N3}9[名]{めい:person:N5}で[構成]{こうせい:composed:N3}されています。[委員長]{いいんちょう:chairperson:N2}および[委員]{いいん:member:N2}は、[両議院]{りょうぎいん:both houses:N3}の[同意]{どうい:consent:N4}を[得て]{えて:obtaining:N3}[内閣]{ないかく:cabinet:N1}[総理]{そうり:prime:N2}[大臣]{だいじん:minister:N2}が[任命]{にんめい:appointment:N3}します。[任期]{にんき:term of office:N3}は5[年]{ねん:year:N5}です。[事務局]{じむきょく:secretariat:N3}が[設置]{せっち:established:N2}されており、[日常]{にちじょう:daily:N3}の[業務]{ぎょうむ:operations:N3}を[担当]{たんとう:in charge:N2}しています。\n\n#en\nThe PPC is composed of a total of 9 members: 1 chairperson and 8 commissioners. The chairperson and commissioners are appointed by the Prime Minister with the consent of both houses of the Diet. Their term of office is 5 years. A secretariat is established to handle daily operations.\n::\n\n::heading\n[報告]{ほうこく:report:N3}[徴収]{ちょうしゅう:collection:N1}・[立入]{たちいり:on-site:N4}[検査]{けんさ:inspection:N1}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}146[条]{じょう:article:N1}）\n\n#en\nReport collection and on-site inspection (Article 146)\n::\n\n::para\nPPCの[監督]{かんとく:supervision:N1}[権限]{けんげん:authority:N3}の[第一段階]{だいいちだんかい:first stage:N1}は、[報告]{ほうこく:report:N3}[徴収]{ちょうしゅう:collection:N1}・[立入]{たちいり:on-site:N4}[検査]{けんさ:inspection:N1}です（[法]{ほう:law:N3}146[条]{じょう:article:N1}）。[委員会]{いいんかい:commission:N2}は[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}に[対し]{たいし:toward:N3}、[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}の[取扱い]{とりあつかい:handling:N1}に[関し]{かんし:regarding:N3}[必要]{ひつよう:necessary:N3}な[報告]{ほうこく:report:N3}や[資料]{しりょう:materials:N3}の[提出]{ていしゅつ:submission:N1}を[求める]{もとめる:to demand:N3}ことができます。また、[委員会]{いいんかい:commission:N2}の[職員]{しょくいん:staff:N3}が[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}の[事務所]{じむしょ:office:N3}に[立ち入り]{たちいり:to enter:N4}、[帳簿]{ちょうぼ:books, records:N1}や[書類]{しょるい:documents:N3}を[検査]{けんさ:inspect:N1}し、[関係者]{かんけいしゃ:related parties:N3}に[質問]{しつもん:question:N4}することも[認められて]{みとめられて:permitted:N3}います。[報告]{ほうこく:report:N3}[徴収]{ちょうしゅう:collection:N1}・[立入]{たちいり:on-site:N4}[検査]{けんさ:inspection:N1}は[事実]{じじつ:fact:N3}[確認]{かくにん:confirmation:N3}のための[手段]{しゅだん:means:N3}であり、それ[自体]{じたい:itself:N4}に[処分]{しょぶん:disposition:N3}[的]{てき:-like:N4}な[効力]{こうりょく:effect:N2}はありません。\n\n#en\nThe first stage of the PPC's supervisory authority is report collection and on-site inspection (Article 146). The Commission can demand that business operators submit necessary reports and materials regarding the handling of personal information. Commission staff are also permitted to enter business operators' offices, inspect books and documents, and question related parties. Report collection and on-site inspection are means for fact-finding and do not themselves have dispositive effect.\n::\n\n::heading\n[指導]{しどう:guidance:N2}・[助言]{じょげん:advice:N3}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}147[条]{じょう:article:N1}）\n\n#en\nGuidance and advice (Article 147)\n::\n\n::para\n[指導]{しどう:guidance:N2}・[助言]{じょげん:advice:N3}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}147[条]{じょう:article:N1}）は、[最]{もっと:most:N3}も[軽い]{かるい:light:N2}[監督]{かんとく:supervision:N1}[措置]{そち:measure:N1}です。[委員会]{いいんかい:commission:N2}は[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}に[対し]{たいし:toward:N3}、[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}の[適正]{てきせい:proper:N3}な[取扱い]{とりあつかい:handling:N1}の[確保]{かくほ:ensuring:N1}に[関し]{かんし:regarding:N3}[必要]{ひつよう:necessary:N3}な[指導]{しどう:guidance:N2}および[助言]{じょげん:advice:N3}をすることができます。[法的]{ほうてき:legal:N3}[拘束力]{こうそくりょく:binding force:N1}はなく、[従わなく]{したがわなく:not comply:N1}ても[直接]{ちょくせつ:directly:N2}の[罰則]{ばっそく:penalty:N1}はありませんが、[実務上]{じつむじょう:in practice:N3}は[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}が[無視]{むし:ignore:N1}することは[稀]{まれ:rare:N1}です。\n\n#en\nGuidance and advice (Article 147) are the lightest supervisory measures. The Commission can provide necessary guidance and advice to business operators regarding ensuring the proper handling of personal information. They have no legal binding force and there is no direct penalty for non-compliance, but in practice it is rare for business operators to ignore them.\n::\n\n::heading\n[勧告]{かんこく:recommendation:N1}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}148[条]{じょう:article:N1}）\n\n#en\nRecommendation (Article 148)\n::\n\n::para\n[勧告]{かんこく:recommendation:N1}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}148[条]{じょう:article:N1}）は、[指導]{しどう:guidance:N2}・[助言]{じょげん:advice:N3}より[一段]{いちだん:one step:N3}[重い]{おもい:heavier:N4}[措置]{そち:measure:N1}です。[委員会]{いいんかい:commission:N2}は、[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[取扱]{とりあつかい:handling:N1}[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}が[義務]{ぎむ:obligation:N1}に[違反]{いはん:violation:N3}した[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}、[違反]{いはん:violation:N3}[行為]{こうい:act:N1}の[中止]{ちゅうし:cessation:N4}その[他]{た:other:N3}[違反]{いはん:violation:N3}を[是正]{ぜせい:correction:N1}するために[必要]{ひつよう:necessary:N3}な[措置]{そち:measures:N1}をとるべき[旨]{むね:purport:N1}を[勧告]{かんこく:recommend:N1}することができます。[勧告]{かんこく:recommendation:N1}にも[法的]{ほうてき:legal:N3}[拘束力]{こうそくりょく:binding force:N1}はありませんが、[公表]{こうひょう:publication:N3}される[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}があり、[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}の[社会的]{しゃかいてき:social:N4}[信用]{しんよう:credibility:N3}に[影響]{えいきょう:impact:N1}を[与える]{あたえる:to give:N3}ことがあります。\n\n#en\nA recommendation (Article 148) is a measure one step heavier than guidance and advice. When a personal information handling business operator has violated its obligations, the Commission can recommend that it cease the violation and take other necessary corrective measures. Recommendations also lack legal binding force, but they may be made public and can impact a business operator's social credibility.\n::\n\n::heading\n[命令]{めいれい:order:N2}と[緊急]{きんきゅう:urgent:N1}[命令]{めいれい:order:N2}\n\n#en\nOrders and urgent orders\n::\n\n::para\n[命令]{めいれい:order:N2}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}148[条]{じょう:article:N1}3[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}）は、[勧告]{かんこく:recommendation:N1}に[従わない]{したがわない:not comply:N1}[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}に[発せられる]{はっせられる:issued:N4}[法的]{ほうてき:legal:N3}[拘束力]{こうそくりょく:binding force:N1}のある[措置]{そち:measure:N1}です。[命令]{めいれい:order:N2}に[違反]{いはん:violation:N3}した[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}は[刑事]{けいじ:criminal:N1}[罰]{ばつ:penalty:N1}の[対象]{たいしょう:subject:N2}となります。さらに、[緊急]{きんきゅう:urgent:N1}[命令]{めいれい:order:N2}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}148[条]{じょう:article:N1}2[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}）として、[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}の[権利]{けんり:rights:N3}[利益]{りえき:interests:N1}を[保護]{ほご:protect:N1}するため[緊急]{きんきゅう:urgent:N1}の[必要]{ひつよう:necessity:N3}がある[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}は、[勧告]{かんこく:recommendation:N1}を[経ず]{へず:without going through:N3}に[直接]{ちょくせつ:directly:N2}[命令]{めいれい:order:N2}を[出す]{だす:to issue:N5}ことができます。これは[大規模]{だいきぼ:large-scale:N1}な[漏えい]{ろうえい:leakage:N1}[事案]{じあん:incident:N1}など、[悠長]{ゆうちょう:leisurely:N1}に[手順]{てじゅん:procedure:N2}を[踏んで]{ふんで:step through:N1}いる[余裕]{よゆう:room:N1}がない[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}を[想定]{そうてい:anticipate:N3}した[規定]{きてい:provision:N3}です。\n\n#en\nAn order (Article 148, paragraph 3) is a legally binding measure issued when a recommendation is not complied with. Violation of an order is subject to criminal penalties. Furthermore, as an urgent order (Article 148, paragraph 2), when there is an urgent necessity to protect the rights and interests of individuals, the Commission can issue an order directly without going through a recommendation first. This provision anticipates cases such as large-scale data leakage incidents where there is no room to go through the normal step-by-step process.\n::\n\n::callout\nPPCの[監督]{かんとく:supervision:N1}[権限]{けんげん:authority:N3}は[段階的]{だんかいてき:gradual:N2}に[強化]{きょうか:strengthen:N3}される[構造]{こうぞう:structure:N2}です：[報告]{ほうこく:report:N3}[徴収]{ちょうしゅう:collection:N1}・[立入]{たちいり:on-site:N4}[検査]{けんさ:inspection:N1}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}146[条]{じょう:article:N1}） → [指導]{しどう:guidance:N2}・[助言]{じょげん:advice:N3}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}147[条]{じょう:article:N1}） → [勧告]{かんこく:recommendation:N1}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}148[条]{じょう:article:N1}） → [命令]{めいれい:order:N2}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}148[条]{じょう:article:N1}3[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}）。[試験]{しけん:exam:N4}では、この[順序]{じゅんじょ:order:N1}と[各]{かく:each:N2}[条文]{じょうぶん:article:N1}[番号]{ばんごう:number:N3}が[頻出]{ひんしゅつ:frequently tested:N1}です。[緊急]{きんきゅう:urgent:N1}[命令]{めいれい:order:N2}は[勧告]{かんこく:recommendation:N1}を[飛ばせる]{とばせる:can skip:N3}[例外]{れいがい:exception:N3}であることも[覚えて]{おぼえて:remember:N3}おきましょう。\n\n#en\nThe PPC's supervisory authority is a structure that escalates in stages: report collection\u002Fon-site inspection (Art. 146) → guidance\u002Fadvice (Art. 147) → recommendation (Art. 148) → order (Art. 148 para. 3). The exam frequently tests this order and the article numbers. Remember that urgent orders are an exception that can skip the recommendation stage.\n::\n\n::heading\n[認定]{にんてい:certified:N3}[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}[団体]{だんたい:organization:N2}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}47〜56[条]{じょう:article:N1}）\n\n#en\nCertified personal information protection organizations (Articles 47-56)\n::\n\n::para\n[認定]{にんてい:certified:N3}[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}[団体]{だんたい:organization:N2}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}47[条]{じょう:article:N1}〜56[条]{じょう:article:N1}）は、[民間]{みんかん:private sector:N3}の[自主的]{じしゅてき:voluntary:N4}な[取組み]{とりくみ:efforts:N3}を[通じて]{つうじて:through:N4}[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}の[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}を[推進]{すいしん:promote:N1}する[制度]{せいど:system:N3}です。PPCの[認定]{にんてい:certification:N3}を[受けた]{うけた:received:N3}[民間]{みんかん:private sector:N3}[団体]{だんたい:organization:N2}が、[対象]{たいしょう:target:N2}[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}に[対して]{たいして:toward:N3}[苦情]{くじょう:complaint:N3}[処理]{しょり:processing:N3}、[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}の[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}、[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}[指針]{ししん:guidelines:N2}の[作成]{さくせい:creation:N3}・[公表]{こうひょう:publication:N3}を[行います]{おこないます:carry out:N5}。\n\n#en\nCertified personal information protection organizations (Articles 47-56) are a system for promoting the protection of personal information through voluntary private sector efforts. Private organizations that have received PPC certification handle complaint processing, provision of information, and the creation and publication of personal information protection guidelines for target business operators.\n::\n\n::para\n[認定]{にんてい:certified:N3}[団体]{だんたい:organization:N2}の[主]{おも:main:N4}な[業務]{ぎょうむ:duties:N3}は3つあります。[第一]{だいいち:first:N1}に、[対象]{たいしょう:target:N2}[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}の[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}の[取扱い]{とりあつかい:handling:N1}に[関する]{かんする:regarding:N3}[苦情]{くじょう:complaint:N3}の[処理]{しょり:processing:N3}。[第二]{だいに:second:N1}に、[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}の[適正]{てきせい:proper:N3}な[取扱い]{とりあつかい:handling:N1}の[確保]{かくほ:ensuring:N1}に[関する]{かんする:regarding:N3}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}の[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}。[第三]{だいさん:third:N1}に、[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}[指針]{ししん:guidelines:N2}の[作成]{さくせい:creation:N3}です。\n\n#en\nThere are three main duties of certified organizations. First, processing complaints regarding the handling of personal information by target business operators. Second, provision of information regarding ensuring proper handling of personal information. Third, creation of personal information protection guidelines.\n::\n\n::heading\n[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}[指針]{ししん:guidelines:N2}\n\n#en\nPersonal information protection guidelines\n::\n\n::para\n[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}[指針]{ししん:guidelines:N2}は、[業界]{ぎょうかい:industry:N4}ごとの[特性]{とくせい:characteristics:N3}に[応じた]{おうじた:according to:N1}[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}の[取扱い]{とりあつかい:handling:N1}ルールです。[認定]{にんてい:certified:N3}[団体]{だんたい:organization:N2}は[指針]{ししん:guidelines:N2}を[作成]{さくせい:create:N3}する[際]{さい:when:N3}に、[消費者]{しょうひしゃ:consumer:N3}の[意見]{いけん:opinions:N4}を[代表]{だいひょう:represent:N3}する[者]{もの:person:N4}その[他]{た:other:N3}の[関係者]{かんけいしゃ:related parties:N3}の[意見]{いけん:opinions:N4}を[聴く]{きく:to hear:N1}よう[努め]{つとめ:to endeavor:N3}なければなりません。[作成]{さくせい:created:N3}した[指針]{ししん:guidelines:N2}はPPCに[届け出]{とどけで:notification:N2}て、PPCが[公表]{こうひょう:publish:N3}します。[対象]{たいしょう:target:N2}[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}は[指針]{ししん:guidelines:N2}を[遵守]{じゅんしゅ:comply:N1}するよう[努め]{つとめ:to endeavor:N3}なければなりません。\n\n#en\nPersonal information protection guidelines are rules for handling personal information tailored to the characteristics of each industry. When creating guidelines, certified organizations must endeavor to hear the opinions of persons representing consumers and other related parties. Created guidelines are notified to the PPC, and the PPC publishes them. Target business operators must endeavor to comply with the guidelines.\n::\n\n::heading\n[罰則]{ばっそく:penalties:N1}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}176〜185[条]{じょう:article:N1}）\n\n#en\nPenalties (Articles 176-185)\n::\n\n::para\n[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護法]{ほごほう:protection law:N1}の[罰則]{ばっそく:penalties:N1}は[法]{ほう:law:N3}176[条]{じょう:article:N1}から185[条]{じょう:article:N1}に[規定]{きてい:stipulated:N3}されています。[違反]{いはん:violation:N3}の[重大]{じゅうだい:serious:N4}さに[応じて]{おうじて:according to:N1}、[懲役]{ちょうえき:imprisonment:N1}[刑]{けい:sentence:N1}や[罰金]{ばっきん:fine:N1}が[段階的]{だんかいてき:gradually:N2}に[定められて]{さだめられて:established:N3}います。[以下]{いか:following:N4}、[主要]{しゅよう:main:N3}な[罰則]{ばっそく:penalties:N1}を[確認]{かくにん:confirm:N3}します。\n\n#en\nThe penalties under the Act on the Protection of Personal Information are stipulated in Articles 176 through 185. Imprisonment and fines are established in stages according to the seriousness of the violation. Below, we will review the main penalties.\n::\n\n::para\n[法]{ほう:law:N3}176[条]{じょう:article:N1}：[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}[委員会]{いいんかい:commission:N2}の[命令]{めいれい:order:N2}に[違反]{いはん:violation:N3}した[者]{もの:person:N4}は、1[年]{ねん:year:N5}[以下]{いか:or less:N4}の[懲役]{ちょうえき:imprisonment:N1}または100[万]{まん:ten thousand:N5}[円]{えん:yen:N5}[以下]{いか:or less:N4}の[罰金]{ばっきん:fine:N1}に[処されます]{しょされます:punished:N3}。これは[罰則]{ばっそく:penalties:N1}の[中]{なか:among:N5}で[最]{もっと:most:N3}も[重い]{おもい:heavy:N4}[刑罰]{けいばつ:punishment:N1}です。\n\n#en\nArticle 176: A person who violates an order from the Personal Information Protection Commission is punished by imprisonment of up to one year or a fine of up to one million yen. This is the heaviest criminal penalty among the penalty provisions.\n::\n\n::para\n[法]{ほう:law:N3}177[条]{じょう:article:N1}：[不正]{ふせい:improper:N4}な[利益]{りえき:profit:N1}を[図る]{はかる:to seek:N4}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}で、[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}データベース[等]{とう:etc.:N3}を[提供]{ていきょう:provide:N1}した[者]{もの:person:N4}は、1[年]{ねん:year:N5}[以下]{いか:or less:N4}の[懲役]{ちょうえき:imprisonment:N1}または50[万]{まん:ten thousand:N5}[円]{えん:yen:N5}[以下]{いか:or less:N4}の[罰金]{ばっきん:fine:N1}に[処されます]{しょされます:punished:N3}。[法]{ほう:law:N3}178[条]{じょう:article:N1}：[不正]{ふせい:improper:N4}な[利益]{りえき:profit:N1}を[図る]{はかる:to seek:N4}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}で、[窃取]{せっしゅ:theft:N1}・[詐欺]{さぎ:fraud:N1}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}の[手段]{しゅだん:means:N3}により[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}データベース[等]{とう:etc.:N3}を[取得]{しゅとく:acquire:N3}した[者]{もの:person:N4}も[同様]{どうよう:same:N3}の[刑罰]{けいばつ:punishment:N1}です。177[条]{じょう:article:N1}は[不正]{ふせい:improper:N4}[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}、178[条]{じょう:article:N1}は[不正]{ふせい:improper:N4}[取得]{しゅとく:acquisition:N3}と[覚えて]{おぼえて:remember:N3}おきましょう。\n\n#en\nArticle 177: A person who provides a personal information database for the purpose of seeking improper profit is punished by imprisonment of up to one year or a fine of up to 500,000 yen. Article 178: A person who acquires a personal information database by means of theft, fraud, etc. for the purpose of seeking improper profit receives the same punishment. Remember: Article 177 covers improper provision, Article 178 covers improper acquisition.\n::\n\n::para\n[法]{ほう:law:N3}179[条]{じょう:article:N1}：PPCの[報告]{ほうこく:report:N3}[徴収]{ちょうしゅう:collection:N1}に[対して]{たいして:regarding:N3}[報告]{ほうこく:report:N3}をせず、または[虚偽]{きょぎ:false:N1}の[報告]{ほうこく:report:N3}をした[者]{もの:person:N4}、[立入]{たちいり:on-site:N4}[検査]{けんさ:inspection:N1}を[拒否]{きょひ:refusal:N1}・[妨害]{ぼうがい:obstruction:N1}・[忌避]{きひ:evasion:N1}した[者]{もの:person:N4}は、50[万]{まん:ten thousand:N5}[円]{えん:yen:N5}[以下]{いか:or less:N4}の[罰金]{ばっきん:fine:N1}に[処されます]{しょされます:punished:N3}。[懲役]{ちょうえき:imprisonment:N1}[刑]{けい:sentence:N1}はなく、[罰金]{ばっきん:fine:N1}のみです。\n\n#en\nArticle 179: A person who fails to report or makes a false report in response to the PPC's report collection, or who refuses, obstructs, or evades an on-site inspection, is punished by a fine of up to 500,000 yen. There is no imprisonment — only a fine.\n::\n\n::heading\n[法人]{ほうじん:corporation:N3}の[両罰]{りょうばつ:dual punishment:N1}[規定]{きてい:provision:N3}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}184[条]{じょう:article:N1}）\n\n#en\nCorporate dual punishment provision (Article 184)\n::\n\n::para\n[法]{ほう:law:N3}184[条]{じょう:article:N1}の[両罰]{りょうばつ:dual punishment:N1}[規定]{きてい:provision:N3}は[極めて]{きわめて:extremely:N2}[重要]{じゅうよう:important:N3}です。[法人]{ほうじん:corporation:N3}の[代表者]{だいひょうしゃ:representative:N3}、[代理人]{だいりにん:agent:N4}、[使用人]{しようにん:employee:N4}、その[他]{た:other:N3}の[従業者]{じゅうぎょうしゃ:worker:N1}が[違反]{いはん:violation:N3}[行為]{こうい:act:N1}を[行った]{おこなった:committed:N5}[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}、[行為者]{こういしゃ:perpetrator:N1}[本人]{ほんにん:self:N5}が[罰せられる]{ばっせられる:punished:N1}だけでなく、[法人]{ほうじん:corporation:N3}にも[罰金]{ばっきん:fine:N1}が[科されます]{かされます:imposed:N3}。[特]{とく:especially:N4}に、[法]{ほう:law:N3}176[条]{じょう:article:N1}（[命令]{めいれい:order:N2}[違反]{いはん:violation:N3}）および[法]{ほう:law:N3}177[条]{じょう:article:N1}（[不正]{ふせい:improper:N4}[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}）の[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}、[法人]{ほうじん:corporation:N3}には1[億]{おく:hundred million:N2}[円]{えん:yen:N5}[以下]{いか:or less:N4}の[罰金]{ばっきん:fine:N1}が[科されます]{かされます:imposed:N3}。\n\n#en\nThe dual punishment provision of Article 184 is extremely important. When a corporation's representative, agent, employee, or other worker commits a violation, not only is the individual perpetrator punished, but the corporation is also fined. In particular, for violations of Article 176 (order violation) and Article 177 (improper provision), corporations face fines of up to 100 million yen.\n::\n\n::callout\n[両罰]{りょうばつ:dual punishment:N1}[規定]{きてい:provision:N3}は[試験]{しけん:exam:N4}[頻出]{ひんしゅつ:frequently tested:N1}ポイントです。[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}と[法人]{ほうじん:corporation:N3}の[両方]{りょうほう:both:N3}が[罰せられる]{ばっせられる:punished:N1}こと、[法人]{ほうじん:corporation:N3}への[罰金]{ばっきん:fine:N1}が[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}より[遥か]{はるか:far:N1}に[高額]{こうがく:high amount:N2}（[最大]{さいだい:maximum:N3}1[億]{おく:hundred million:N2}[円]{えん:yen:N5}）であることを[必ず]{かならず:without fail:N3}[押さえて]{おさえて:remember:N3}おきましょう。\n\n#en\nThe dual punishment provision is a frequently tested point on the exam. Be sure to remember that BOTH the individual AND the corporation are punished, and that corporate fines are far higher than individual ones (up to 100 million yen).\n::\n\n::callout\n2020[年]{ねん:year:N5}[改正]{かいせい:amendment:N2}で、[法人]{ほうじん:corporation:N3}に[対する]{たいする:toward:N3}[罰金]{ばっきん:fine:N1}が[大幅]{おおはば:greatly:N2}に[引き上げ]{ひきあげ:raised:N3}られました。[改正]{かいせい:amendment:N2}[前]{まえ:before:N5}は[個人]{こじん:individual:N2}と[同額]{どうがく:same amount:N2}の[罰金]{ばっきん:fine:N1}（[最大]{さいだい:maximum:N3}100[万]{まん:ten thousand:N5}[円]{えん:yen:N5}）でしたが、[改正]{かいせい:amendment:N2}[後]{ご:after:N5}は[最大]{さいだい:maximum:N3}1[億]{おく:hundred million:N2}[円]{えん:yen:N5}に[引き上げ]{ひきあげ:raised:N3}られました。これは[企業]{きぎょう:company:N1}に[対する]{たいする:toward:N3}[抑止力]{よくしりょく:deterrence:N1}を[強化]{きょうか:strengthen:N3}する[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}です。「100[万]{まん:ten thousand:N5}[円]{えん:yen:N5}→1[億]{おく:hundred million:N2}[円]{えん:yen:N5}」は[試験]{しけん:exam:N4}で[問われる]{とわれる:asked:N4}[数字]{すうじ:number:N3}です。\n\n#en\nIn the 2020 amendment, corporate fines were raised dramatically. Before the amendment, the fine was the same as for individuals (up to 1 million yen), but after the amendment it was raised to up to 100 million yen. This was done to strengthen deterrence against companies. The numbers \"1 million yen → 100 million yen\" are tested on the exam.\n::\n\n::heading\n[全体]{ぜんたい:overall:N3}の[まとめ]{まとめ:summary}\n\n#en\nOverall summary\n::\n\n::para\nこのように、[個人]{こじん:personal:N2}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[保護法]{ほごほう:protection law:N1}の[実効性]{じっこうせい:effectiveness:N2}は、[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}[自身]{じしん:self:N4}による[苦情]{くじょう:complaint:N3}[処理]{しょり:processing:N3}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}40[条]{じょう:article:N1}）、PPCによる[段階的]{だんかいてき:gradual:N2}な[監督]{かんとく:supervision:N1}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}146〜148[条]{じょう:article:N1}）、[認定]{にんてい:certified:N3}[団体]{だんたい:organization:N2}による[自主]{じしゅ:voluntary:N4}[規制]{きせい:regulation:N3}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}47〜56[条]{じょう:article:N1}）、そして[罰則]{ばっそく:penalties:N1}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}176〜185[条]{じょう:article:N1}）という4つの[層]{そう:layers:N2}で[担保]{たんぽ:guaranteed:N1}されています。[試験]{しけん:exam:N4}では、[各]{かく:each:N2}[条文]{じょうぶん:article:N1}[番号]{ばんごう:number:N3}、[罰金]{ばっきん:fine:N1}[額]{がく:amount:N2}、[監督]{かんとく:supervision:N1}[措置]{そち:measures:N1}の[順序]{じゅんじょ:order:N1}が[頻繁]{ひんぱん:frequently:N1}に[出題]{しゅつだい:tested:N4}されます。\n\n#en\nIn this way, the effectiveness of the Act on the Protection of Personal Information is guaranteed by four layers: complaint handling by business operators themselves (Art. 40), graduated supervision by the PPC (Art. 146-148), self-regulation by certified organizations (Art. 47-56), and penalties (Art. 176-185). On the exam, article numbers, fine amounts, and the order of supervisory measures are frequently tested.\n::\n",{"id":213,"title":219,"titleEn":220,"topicPath":221,"questions":222},"第９編 実効性の確保 確認テスト","Chapter 9: Ensuring Effectiveness — Practice Test","software\u002Fkojin-joho-hogo\u002Fkadai-1\u002Fhen-09-jikkousei",[223,251,274,297,320],{"id":224,"articleId":6,"question":225,"options":228,"correctLabel":230,"explanation":245,"tags":248},"kjh-k1-h09-q01",{"en":226,"jp":227},"Which of the following shows the correct order of PPC supervisory authority stages?","[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}[保護]{ほご:protection}[委員会]{いいんかい:commission}（PPC）の[監視]{かんし:supervisory}[権限]{けんげん:authority}の[段階]{だんかい:stages}として[正]{ただ:correct}しい[順序]{じゅんじょ:order}はどれか。",[229,233,237,241],{"label":230,"jp":231,"en":232},"ア","[報告]{ほうこく:report}[徴収]{ちょうしゅう:collection}・[立入検査]{たちいりけんさ:on-site inspection} → [指導]{しどう:guidance}・[助言]{じょげん:advice} → [勧告]{かんこく:recommendation} → [命令]{めいれい:order}","Report collection\u002Finspection → Guidance\u002Fadvice → Recommendation → Order",{"label":234,"jp":235,"en":236},"イ","[指導]{しどう:guidance}・[助言]{じょげん:advice} → [報告]{ほうこく:report}[徴収]{ちょうしゅう:collection}・[立入検査]{たちいりけんさ:on-site inspection} → [命令]{めいれい:order} → [勧告]{かんこく:recommendation}","Guidance\u002Fadvice → Report collection\u002Finspection → Order → Recommendation",{"label":238,"jp":239,"en":240},"ウ","[命令]{めいれい:order} → [勧告]{かんこく:recommendation} → [指導]{しどう:guidance} → [報告]{ほうこく:report}[徴収]{ちょうしゅう:collection}","Order → Recommendation → Guidance → Report collection",{"label":242,"jp":243,"en":244},"エ","[勧告]{かんこく:recommendation} → [命令]{めいれい:order} → [報告]{ほうこく:report}[徴収]{ちょうしゅう:collection} → [指導]{しどう:guidance}","Recommendation → Order → Report collection → Guidance",{"en":246,"jp":247},"PPC supervisory authority is exercised in stages: report collection\u002Fon-site inspection (fact-finding) → guidance\u002Fadvice (voluntary) → recommendation (voluntary) → order (compulsory).","PPCの[監視]{かんし:supervisory}[権限]{けんげん:authority}は、[報告]{ほうこく:report}[徴収]{ちょうしゅう:collection}・[立入検査]{たちいりけんさ:on-site inspection}（[事実]{じじつ:fact}[確認]{かくにん:confirmation}） → [指導]{しどう:guidance}・[助言]{じょげん:advice}（[任意]{にんい:voluntary}） → [勧告]{かんこく:recommendation}（[任意]{にんい:voluntary}） → [命令]{めいれい:order}（[強制]{きょうせい:compulsory}）の[段階]{だんかい:stages}で[行使]{こうし:exercised}される。",[249,250],"PPC","監視権限",{"id":252,"articleId":6,"question":253,"options":256,"correctLabel":234,"explanation":269,"tags":272},"kjh-k1-h09-q02",{"en":254,"jp":255},"Which of the following is correct about certified personal information protection organizations?","[認定]{にんてい:certified}[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}[保護]{ほご:protection}[団体]{だんたい:organization}について[正]{ただ:correct}しいものはどれか。",[257,260,263,266],{"label":230,"jp":258,"en":259},"PPCが[直接]{ちょくせつ:directly}[運営]{うんえい:operate}する[組織]{そしき:organization}である","It is an organization directly operated by the PPC",{"label":234,"jp":261,"en":262},"[対象]{たいしょう:subject}[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operators}の[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}の[取]{と:handling}り[扱]{あつか:handling}いに[関]{かん:related}する[苦情]{くじょう:complaint}[処理]{しょり:handling}や[情報]{じょうほう:information}[提供]{ていきょう:provision}を[行]{おこな:perform}う[民間]{みんかん:private}[団体]{だんたい:organization}","A private organization that handles complaints and provides information regarding subject business operators' handling of personal information",{"label":238,"jp":264,"en":265},"[全]{すべ:all}ての[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operators}が[加入]{かにゅう:join}を[義務]{ぎむ:obligated}づけられている","All business operators are obligated to join",{"label":242,"jp":267,"en":268},"[罰則]{ばっそく:penalties}の[適用]{てきよう:application}[権限]{けんげん:authority}を[持]{も:have}つ","It has the authority to apply penalties",{"en":270,"jp":271},"Certified personal information protection organizations are private self-regulatory bodies that handle complaints and provide information for subject business operators. Joining is voluntary and they do not have penalty authority.","[認定]{にんてい:certified}[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}[保護]{ほご:protection}[団体]{だんたい:organization}は[民間]{みんかん:private}の[自主]{じしゅ:voluntary}[規制]{きせい:regulation}[機関]{きかん:body}であり、[対象]{たいしょう:subject}[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operators}の[苦情]{くじょう:complaint}[処理]{しょり:handling}や[情報]{じょうほう:information}[提供]{ていきょう:provision}を[行]{おこな:perform}う。[加入]{かにゅう:joining}は[任意]{にんい:voluntary}で、[罰則]{ばっそく:penalty}[権限]{けんげん:authority}は[持]{も:have}たない。",[273],"認定個人情報保護団体",{"id":275,"articleId":6,"question":276,"options":279,"correctLabel":238,"explanation":292,"tags":295},"kjh-k1-h09-q03",{"en":277,"jp":278},"Which of the following is correct about penalties under the Personal Information Protection Law?","[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}[保護]{ほご:protection}[法]{ほう:law}の[罰則]{ばっそく:penalties}として[正]{ただ:correct}しいものはどれか。",[280,283,286,289],{"label":230,"jp":281,"en":282},"PPCの[命令]{めいれい:order}に[違反]{いはん:violation}した[場合]{ばあい:case}、1[年]{ねん:year}[以下]{いか:or less}の[懲役]{ちょうえき:imprisonment}[又]{また:or}は100[万]{まん:ten thousand}[円]{えん:yen}[以下]{いか:or less}の[罰金]{ばっきん:fine}","Violation of PPC order: 1 year imprisonment or 1 million yen fine",{"label":234,"jp":284,"en":285},"[不正]{ふせい:illegally}な[利益]{りえき:profit}を[図]{はか:seek}る[目的]{もくてき:purpose}で[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}を[提供]{ていきょう:provided}した[場合]{ばあい:case}、[行為者]{こういしゃ:offender}には[刑事罰]{けいじばつ:criminal penalty}はない","There is no criminal penalty for the offender who provides personal information for illicit profit",{"label":238,"jp":287,"en":288},"[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}データベース[等]{とう:etc.}[不正]{ふせい:illicit}[提供]{ていきょう:provision}[罪]{ざい:crime}は1[年]{ねん:year}[以下]{いか:or less}の[懲役]{ちょうえき:imprisonment}[又]{また:or}は50[万]{まん:ten thousand}[円]{えん:yen}[以下]{いか:or less}の[罰金]{ばっきん:fine}","Illicit provision of personal information database: 1 year imprisonment or 500,000 yen fine",{"label":242,"jp":290,"en":291},"[罰則]{ばっそく:penalties}は[行政罰]{ぎょうせいばつ:administrative penalty}のみで[刑事罰]{けいじばつ:criminal penalty}はない","Penalties are only administrative, no criminal penalties",{"en":293,"jp":294},"The crime of illicit provision of personal information database carries 1 year imprisonment or 500,000 yen fine when providing a personal information database for illicit profit. Violation of PPC orders is also subject to criminal penalties.","[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}データベース[等]{とう:etc.}[不正]{ふせい:illicit}[提供]{ていきょう:provision}[罪]{ざい:crime}は、[不正]{ふせい:illegally}な[利益]{りえき:profit}を[図]{はか:seek}る[目的]{もくてき:purpose}で[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}データベースを[提供]{ていきょう:provided}した[場合]{ばあい:case}に1[年]{ねん:year}[以下]{いか:or less}の[懲役]{ちょうえき:imprisonment}[又]{また:or}は50[万]{まん:ten thousand}[円]{えん:yen}[以下]{いか:or less}の[罰金]{ばっきん:fine}。PPCの[命令]{めいれい:order}[違反]{いはん:violation}も[刑事罰]{けいじばつ:criminal penalty}の[対象]{たいしょう:subject}。",[154,296],"刑事罰",{"id":298,"articleId":6,"question":299,"options":302,"correctLabel":234,"explanation":315,"tags":318},"kjh-k1-h09-q04",{"en":300,"jp":301},"Which of the following is correct about the dual penalty provision?","[両]{りょう:both}[罰]{ばつ:penalty}[規定]{きてい:provision}について[正]{ただ:correct}しいものはどれか。",[303,306,309,312],{"label":230,"jp":304,"en":305},"[法人]{ほうじん:corporation}に[対]{たい:against}する[罰金]{ばっきん:fine}は[行為者]{こういしゃ:offender}と[同額]{どうがく:same amount}","The fine for the corporation is the same amount as for the offender",{"label":234,"jp":307,"en":308},"PPCの[命令]{めいれい:order}[違反]{いはん:violation}の[場合]{ばあい:case}、[法人]{ほうじん:corporation}には[最大]{さいだい:maximum}1[億]{おく:hundred million}[円]{えん:yen}の[罰金]{ばっきん:fine}が[科]{か:imposed}される","For violation of PPC order, a corporation faces a maximum fine of 100 million yen",{"label":238,"jp":310,"en":311},"[両]{りょう:both}[罰]{ばつ:penalty}[規定]{きてい:provision}は[個人]{こじん:individual}[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator}にのみ[適用]{てきよう:applied}される","The dual penalty provision applies only to individual business operators",{"label":242,"jp":313,"en":314},"[法人]{ほうじん:corporation}には[罰則]{ばっそく:penalties}は[適用]{てきよう:applied}されない","Penalties are not applied to corporations",{"en":316,"jp":317},"The 2020 amendment significantly raised fines for corporations. For PPC order violations, corporations face a maximum fine of 100 million yen. This is not the same as the individual offender's fine — a heavier corporate penalty was introduced.","2020[年]{ねん:year}[改正]{かいせい:amendment}で[法人]{ほうじん:corporation}に[対]{たい:against}する[罰金]{ばっきん:fine}が[大幅]{おおはば:significantly}に[引]{ひ:raised}き[上]{あ:raised}げられ、PPCの[命令]{めいれい:order}[違反]{いはん:violation}の[場合]{ばあい:case}は[法人]{ほうじん:corporation}に[最大]{さいだい:maximum}1[億]{おく:hundred million}[円]{えん:yen}の[罰金]{ばっきん:fine}。[行為者]{こういしゃ:offender}[個人]{こじん:individual}の[罰金]{ばっきん:fine}と[同額]{どうがく:same amount}ではなく、[法人]{ほうじん:corporation}[重科]{じゅうか:heavier penalty}が[導入]{どうにゅう:introduced}された。",[186,319],"法人罰金",{"id":321,"articleId":322,"question":323,"options":326,"correctLabel":242,"explanation":339,"tags":342},"kjh-k1-h09-q05","kjh-k1-h01-hotaikei",{"en":324,"jp":325},"Which of the following is INCORRECT about the penalty strengthening in the 2020 amendment?","2020[年]{ねん:year}[改正]{かいせい:amendment}による[罰則]{ばっそく:penalties}[強化]{きょうか:strengthening}について[誤]{あやま:incorrect}っているものはどれか。",[327,330,333,336],{"label":230,"jp":328,"en":329},"[法人]{ほうじん:corporation}[重科]{じゅうか:heavier penalty}が[導入]{どうにゅう:introduced}された","Heavier corporate penalties were introduced",{"label":234,"jp":331,"en":332},"PPCの[命令]{めいれい:order}[違反]{いはん:violation}の[罰金]{ばっきん:fine}が[引]{ひ:raised}き[上]{あ:raised}げられた","Fines for PPC order violations were raised",{"label":238,"jp":334,"en":335},"[報告]{ほうこく:report}[徴収]{ちょうしゅう:collection}への[虚偽]{きょぎ:false}[報告]{ほうこく:report}の[罰金]{ばっきん:fine}が[引]{ひ:raised}き[上]{あ:raised}げられた","Fines for false reporting to report collection were raised",{"label":242,"jp":337,"en":338},"[全]{すべ:all}ての[違反]{いはん:violations}に[対]{たい:against}して[懲役]{ちょうえき:imprisonment}[刑]{けい:sentence}が[新設]{しんせつ:newly established}された","Imprisonment sentences were newly established for all violations",{"en":340,"jp":341},"The 2020 amendment introduced heavier corporate penalties and raised fines, but \"imprisonment newly established for all violations\" is incorrect. Imprisonment existed before and does not apply to all violations.","2020[年]{ねん:year}[改正]{かいせい:amendment}では[法人]{ほうじん:corporation}[重科]{じゅうか:heavier penalty}の[導入]{どうにゅう:introduction}や[罰金]{ばっきん:fine}の[引]{ひ:raise}き[上]{あ:raise}げが[行]{おこな:performed}われたが、「[全]{すべ:all}ての[違反]{いはん:violations}に[懲役]{ちょうえき:imprisonment}[刑]{けい:sentence}[新設]{しんせつ:newly established}」は[正]{ただ:correct}しくない。[懲役]{ちょうえき:imprisonment}[刑]{けい:sentence}は[以前]{いぜん:previously}から[存在]{そんざい:existed}し、[全]{すべ:all}ての[違反]{いはん:violations}に[適用]{てきよう:applied}されるわけではない。",[343,344],"罰則強化","2020年改正"]