[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"article:tekisei-shutoku":3},{"meta":4,"markdown":273,"quiz":274},{"type":5,"articleId":6,"slug":7,"title":8,"titleEn":9,"category":10,"order":11,"seriesLabel":12,"summary":13,"publishedAt":14,"image":15,"tags":16,"vocabulary":22,"quizId":269,"source":270},"article","kjh-k1-h03-tekisei-shutoku","tekisei-shutoku","課題Ⅰ 第３編② 適正な取得・要配慮個人情報・利用目的の通知","Proper Acquisition, Sensitive Personal Information, and Purpose of Use Notification","kojin-joho-hogo\u002Fkadai-1",1032,"課題Ⅰ 第３編②","Comprehensive coverage of Article 20 (proper acquisition and sensitive personal information restrictions with all 11 categories and 7 exceptions) and Article 21 (notification vs. clear indication of purpose of use, with exceptions). Includes exam-focused callouts on classic traps.","2026-04-26T00:00:00Z","https:\u002F\u002Fimages.yamiyomi.com\u002Fkjh-k1-h03-tekisei-shutoku.png",[17,18,19,20,21],"exam:個人情報保護士","topic:適正取得","topic:要配慮個人情報","law:法20条","law:法21条",[23,28,32,37,41,45,49,53,57,61,65,69,73,77,81,85,89,93,97,101,105,109,113,117,121,125,129,133,137,141,145,149,153,157,161,165,169,173,177,181,185,189,193,197,201,205,209,213,217,221,225,229,233,237,241,245,249,253,257,261,265],{"word":24,"reading":25,"meaning":26,"level":27},"適正","てきせい","proper, appropriate","N2",{"word":29,"reading":30,"meaning":31,"level":27},"取得","しゅとく","acquisition, obtaining",{"word":33,"reading":34,"meaning":35,"level":36},"偽り","いつわり","deception, falsehood","N1",{"word":38,"reading":39,"meaning":40,"level":27},"不正","ふせい","improper, fraudulent",{"word":42,"reading":43,"meaning":44,"level":27},"手段","しゅだん","means, method",{"word":46,"reading":47,"meaning":48,"level":27},"義務","ぎむ","obligation, 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bias",{"word":90,"reading":91,"meaning":92,"level":27},"人種","じんしゅ","race",{"word":94,"reading":95,"meaning":96,"level":27},"国籍","こくせき","nationality",{"word":98,"reading":99,"meaning":100,"level":36},"信条","しんじょう","creed, belief",{"word":102,"reading":103,"meaning":104,"level":36},"信仰","しんこう","religious faith",{"word":106,"reading":107,"meaning":108,"level":36},"社会的身分","しゃかいてきみぶん","social status",{"word":110,"reading":111,"meaning":112,"level":36},"病歴","びょうれき","medical history",{"word":114,"reading":115,"meaning":116,"level":27},"犯罪","はんざい","crime",{"word":118,"reading":119,"meaning":120,"level":36},"前科","ぜんか","criminal record",{"word":122,"reading":123,"meaning":124,"level":27},"被害者","ひがいしゃ","victim",{"word":126,"reading":127,"meaning":128,"level":27},"障害","しょうがい","disability",{"word":130,"reading":131,"meaning":132,"level":36},"罹患","りかん","affliction, contracting disease",{"word":134,"reading":135,"meaning":136,"level":36},"調剤","ちょうざい","dispensing medication",{"word":138,"reading":139,"meaning":140,"level":27},"逮捕","たいほ","arrest",{"word":142,"reading":143,"meaning":144,"level":36},"被疑者","ひぎしゃ","suspect",{"word":146,"reading":147,"meaning":148,"level":36},"少年審判","しょうねんしんぱん","juvenile trial\u002Fhearing",{"word":150,"reading":151,"meaning":152,"level":27},"法令","ほうれい","laws and regulations",{"word":154,"reading":155,"meaning":156,"level":36},"令状","れいじょう","warrant",{"word":158,"reading":159,"meaning":160,"level":27},"捜査","そうさ","investigation",{"word":162,"reading":163,"meaning":164,"level":36},"公衆衛生","こうしゅうえいせい","public health\u002Fhygiene",{"word":166,"reading":167,"meaning":168,"level":27},"感染症","かんせんしょう","infectious disease",{"word":170,"reading":171,"meaning":172,"level":36},"疫学","えきがく","epidemiology",{"word":174,"reading":175,"meaning":176,"level":36},"児童虐待","じどうぎゃくたい","child abuse",{"word":178,"reading":179,"meaning":180,"level":27},"生命","せいめい","life",{"word":182,"reading":183,"meaning":184,"level":27},"財産","ざいさん","property, assets",{"word":186,"reading":187,"meaning":188,"level":27},"通知","つうち","notification, notice",{"word":190,"reading":191,"meaning":192,"level":27},"公表","こうひょう","public announcement",{"word":194,"reading":195,"meaning":196,"level":36},"書面","しょめん","written document",{"word":198,"reading":199,"meaning":200,"level":36},"交付","こうふ","delivery, issuance",{"word":202,"reading":203,"meaning":204,"level":27},"掲載","けいさい","publication, posting",{"word":206,"reading":207,"meaning":208,"level":36},"明示","めいじ","clear indication",{"word":210,"reading":211,"meaning":212,"level":27},"収集","しゅうしゅう","collection, gathering",{"word":214,"reading":215,"meaning":216,"level":27},"第三者","だいさんしゃ","third party",{"word":218,"reading":219,"meaning":220,"level":27},"権利","けんり","rights",{"word":222,"reading":223,"meaning":224,"level":36},"遂行","すいこう","carrying out, execution",{"word":226,"reading":227,"meaning":228,"level":36},"支障","ししょう","hindrance, obstacle",{"word":230,"reading":231,"meaning":232,"level":27},"違反","いはん","violation",{"word":234,"reading":235,"meaning":236,"level":36},"勧告","かんこく","recommendation, advisory",{"word":238,"reading":239,"meaning":240,"level":36},"罰則","ばっそく","penalty, punishment",{"word":242,"reading":243,"meaning":244,"level":27},"原則","げんそく","principle, general rule",{"word":246,"reading":247,"meaning":248,"level":36},"列挙","れっきょ","enumeration, listing",{"word":250,"reading":251,"meaning":252,"level":27},"名刺","めいし","business card",{"word":254,"reading":255,"meaning":256,"level":36},"商談","しょうだん","business meeting\u002Fnegotiation",{"word":258,"reading":259,"meaning":260,"level":27},"監視","かんし","monitoring, surveillance",{"word":262,"reading":263,"meaning":264,"level":36},"頻出","ひんしゅつ","frequently appearing",{"word":266,"reading":267,"meaning":268,"level":36},"引っかけ","ひっかけ","trick question","kjh-k1-h03-quiz",{"name":271,"url":272},"個人情報保護士試験対策","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.joho-gakushu.or.jp\u002Fpiip\u002F","\n::para\n[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}[保護法]{ほごほう:protection law:N1}[第]{だい:number prefix:N1}20[条]{じょう:article:N1}[第]{だい:number prefix:N1}1[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}は、[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}[取扱]{とりあつかい:handling:N1}[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}に[対し]{たいし:toward:N3}、「[偽り]{いつわり:deception, falsehood:N1}その[他]{た:other:N3}[不正]{ふせい:improper, fraudulent:N4}の[手段]{しゅだん:means, method:N3}」により[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}を[取得]{しゅとく:acquisition:N3}してはならないと[定めて]{さだめて:stipulates:N3}います。これが「[適正]{てきせい:proper, appropriate:N3}な[取得]{しゅとく:acquisition:N3}」[義務]{ぎむ:obligation:N1}と[呼ばれる]{よばれる:called:N3}[規定]{きてい:provision:N3}であり、[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}の[取得]{しゅとく:acquisition:N3}[段階]{だんかい:stage:N2}における[最]{もっと:most:N3}も[基本的]{きほんてき:fundamental:N1}な[義務]{ぎむ:obligation:N1}です。ここでいう「[偽り]{いつわり:deception:N1}」とは、[本人]{ほんにん:the person themselves:N5}を[欺]{あざむ:deceive:N1}いて[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}を[取得]{しゅとく:acquire:N3}することであり、「その[他]{た:other:N3}[不正]{ふせい:improper:N4}の[手段]{しゅだん:means:N3}」は[偽り]{いつわり:deception:N1}に[限らず]{かぎらず:not limited to:N3}、[社会]{しゃかい:society:N4}[通念]{つうねん:common sense:N3}[上]{じょう:from the standpoint of:N5}[不正]{ふせい:improper:N4}と[評価]{ひょうか:judged:N1}されるあらゆる[手段]{しゅだん:means:N3}を[含み]{ふくみ:includes:N2}ます。\n\n#en\nArticle 20, Paragraph 1 of the Personal Information Protection Act stipulates that business operators handling personal information must not acquire personal information through \"deception or other improper means.\" This is the provision known as the \"proper acquisition\" obligation, and it is the most fundamental obligation at the acquisition stage of personal information. \"Deception\" here means deceiving the individual to obtain information, and \"other improper means\" is not limited to deception but includes any means that would be judged improper by common social standards.\n::\n\n::heading\n[不正]{ふせい:improper:N4}な[取得]{しゅとく:acquisition:N3}の[具体]{ぐたい:concrete:N3}[例]{れい:example:N3}\n\n#en\nConcrete examples of improper acquisition\n::\n\n::para\n[具体的]{ぐたいてき:specifically:N3}に「[偽り]{いつわり:deception:N1}その[他]{た:other:N3}[不正]{ふせい:improper:N4}の[手段]{しゅだん:means:N3}」に[該当]{がいとう:applicable:N1}する[例]{れい:example:N3}としては、[以下]{いか:the following:N4}が[挙げられ]{あげられ:cited:N1}ます。[第一]{だいいち:first:N1}に、[他人]{たにん:another person:N3}になりすまして[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}から[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}を[聞き出す]{ききだす:extract by asking:N5}[行為]{こうい:act, conduct:N1}（[例]{れい:example:N3}：[取引先]{とりひきさき:business partner:N3}の[担当者]{たんとうしゃ:person in charge:N2}を[装う]{よそおう:pretend to be:N2}）。[第二]{だいに:second:N1}に、[書類]{しょるい:documents:N3}を[窃取]{せっしゅ:steal, pilfer:N1}する[行為]{こうい:act:N1}（[例]{れい:example:N3}：[他社]{たしゃ:other company:N3}の[顧客]{こきゃく:customer:N1}[名簿]{めいぼ:list, register:N1}を[盗む]{ぬすむ:steal:N3}）。[第三]{だいさん:third:N1}に、[隠し]{かくし:hidden:N1}カメラ・[盗聴器]{とうちょうき:wiretapping device:N1}を[用いた]{もちいた:using:N4}[秘密]{ひみつ:secret:N1}[録音]{ろくおん:recording:N2}・[録画]{ろくが:video recording:N2}。[第四]{だいよん:fourth:N1}に、[不正]{ふせい:illegally:N4}に[取得]{しゅとく:acquired:N3}された[名簿]{めいぼ:list:N1}・リストを[購入]{こうにゅう:purchase:N1}する[行為]{こうい:act:N1}。[第五]{だいご:fifth:N1}に、ウェブサイトからの[無断]{むだん:without permission:N3}スクレイピング（[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[規約]{きやく:terms:N3}に[反する]{はんする:violate:N3}[方法]{ほうほう:method:N3}での[大量]{たいりょう:large-scale:N2}[収集]{しゅうしゅう:collection:N3}）。これらはいずれも[法]{ほう:law:N3}20[条]{じょう:article:N1}1[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}[違反]{いはん:violation:N3}となります。\n\n#en\nSpecific examples of \"deception or other improper means\" include the following. First, impersonating someone else to extract information from the individual (e.g., pretending to be a contact person from a business partner). Second, stealing documents (e.g., stealing another company's customer list). Third, secret audio or video recording using hidden cameras or wiretapping devices. Fourth, purchasing lists or registers that were illegally obtained. Fifth, unauthorized scraping from websites (large-scale collection in violation of terms of use). All of these constitute violations of Article 20, Paragraph 1.\n::\n\n::heading\n[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}[元]{もと:source:N4}の[不正]{ふせい:impropriety:N4}を[知り]{しり:knowing:N4}ながらの[受領]{じゅりょう:receipt:N2}\n\n#en\nReceiving data knowing the provider's impropriety\n::\n\n::para\nガイドラインでは、[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}[元]{もと:source:N4}が[不正]{ふせい:improper:N4}に[取得]{しゅとく:acquired:N3}した[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}であることを[知り]{しり:knowing:N4}ながら、その[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}を[受け取る]{うけとる:receive:N3}[行為]{こうい:act:N1}も[不正]{ふせい:improper:N4}な[取得]{しゅとく:acquisition:N3}に[該当]{がいとう:applicable:N1}すると[解釈]{かいしゃく:interpreted:N1}されています。つまり、[自ら]{みずから:oneself:N4}[直接]{ちょくせつ:directly:N2}[不正]{ふせい:improper:N4}な[行為]{こうい:act:N1}をしなくても、[不正]{ふせい:improper:N4}に[取得]{しゅとく:acquired:N3}されたデータであると[認識]{にんしき:awareness:N3}した[上]{うえ:upon:N5}で[受領]{じゅりょう:receipt, acceptance:N2}すれば、[受領者]{じゅりょうしゃ:recipient:N2}[自身]{じしん:oneself:N4}も[法]{ほう:law:N3}20[条]{じょう:article:N1}1[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}に[違反]{いはん:violation:N3}することになります。さらに、[第三者]{だいさんしゃ:third party:N1}[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}の[文脈]{ぶんみゃく:context:N1}では、[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}[元]{もと:source:N4}が[法]{ほう:law:N3}27[条]{じょう:article:N1}（[第三者]{だいさんしゃ:third party:N1}[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}の[制限]{せいげん:restriction:N3}）に[違反]{いはん:violating:N3}して[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}の[同意]{どうい:consent:N4}なく[提供]{ていきょう:provided:N1}した[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}を、その[事実]{じじつ:fact:N3}を[知り]{しり:knowing:N4}つつ[受け取った]{うけとった:received:N3}[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}、[受領者]{じゅりょうしゃ:recipient:N2}も[法]{ほう:law:N3}20[条]{じょう:article:N1}[違反]{いはん:violation:N3}を[問われる]{とわれる:be held accountable:N4}[可能性]{かのうせい:possibility:N3}があります。\n\n#en\nThe guidelines interpret that receiving personal information while knowing that the provider acquired it improperly also constitutes improper acquisition. In other words, even if one does not directly commit an improper act oneself, accepting data with the awareness that it was improperly obtained means that the recipient themselves violates Article 20, Paragraph 1. Furthermore, in the context of third-party provision, if the provider violated Article 27 (restrictions on third-party provision) by providing data without the individual's consent, and the recipient received it knowing that fact, the recipient may also be held accountable for violating Article 20.\n::\n\n::callout\n[試験]{しけん:exam:N4}のポイント：[法]{ほう:law:N3}20[条]{じょう:article:N1}1[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}では、[取得]{しゅとく:acquisition:N3}する[側]{がわ:side:N3}が[直接]{ちょくせつ:directly:N2}[不正]{ふせい:improper:N4}な[行為]{こうい:act:N1}を[行う]{おこなう:perform:N5}[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}だけでなく、[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}[元]{もと:source:N4}の[不正]{ふせい:improper:N4}を[知り]{しり:knowing:N4}ながら[受領]{じゅりょう:receive:N2}する[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}も[違反]{いはん:violation:N3}になる[点]{てん:point:N3}に[注意]{ちゅうい:attention:N4}してください。[出題]{しゅつだい:exam question:N4}では「[提供]{ていきょう:provision:N1}を[受ける]{うける:receive:N3}[側]{がわ:side:N3}にも[責任]{せきにん:responsibility:N3}があるか」という[形式]{けいしき:format:N3}でよく[問われ]{とわれ:asked:N4}ます。[答え]{こたえ:answer:N4}は「[知って]{しって:knowing:N4}いれば[責任]{せきにん:responsibility:N3}あり」です。\n\n#en\nExam point: Under Article 20, Paragraph 1, note that violations occur not only when the acquiring party directly commits an improper act, but also when they receive data knowing the provider's impropriety. Exam questions often ask \"does the receiving party also bear responsibility?\" The answer is \"yes, if they knew.\"\n::\n\n::heading\n[要配慮]{ようはいりょ:requiring special care:N1}[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}の[取得]{しゅとく:acquisition:N3}[制限]{せいげん:restriction:N3}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}20[条]{じょう:article:N1}2[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}）\n\n#en\nRestrictions on acquiring sensitive personal information (Art. 20 Para. 2)\n::\n\n::para\n[法]{ほう:law:N3}20[条]{じょう:article:N1}2[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}は、「[要配慮]{ようはいりょ:requiring special care:N1}[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}」を[取得]{しゅとく:acquire:N3}する[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}、あらかじめ[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}の[同意]{どうい:consent:N4}を[得]{え:obtain:N3}なければならないと[規定]{きてい:stipulates:N3}しています。[要配慮]{ようはいりょ:requiring special care:N1}[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}とは、[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}に[対する]{たいする:toward:N3}[不当]{ふとう:unjust:N3}な[差別]{さべつ:discrimination:N3}、[偏見]{へんけん:prejudice:N1}その[他]{た:other:N3}の[不利益]{ふりえき:disadvantage:N1}が[生じない]{しょうじない:not arise:N5}よう、その[取扱い]{とりあつかい:handling:N1}に[特]{とく:special:N4}に[配慮]{はいりょ:consideration:N1}を[要する]{ようする:require:N3}[記述]{きじゅつ:description:N2}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}が[含まれる]{ふくまれる:included:N2}[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}です。[通常]{つうじょう:normally:N3}の[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}と[異なり]{ことなり:differs:N1}、[取得]{しゅとく:acquisition:N3}[段階]{だんかい:stage:N2}で[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}の[同意]{どうい:consent:N4}が[原則]{げんそく:in principle:N2}[必須]{ひっす:mandatory:N1}である[点]{てん:point:N3}が[特徴]{とくちょう:characteristic:N1}です。\n\n#en\nArticle 20, Paragraph 2 stipulates that prior consent of the individual must be obtained before acquiring \"sensitive personal information\" (requiring special care). Sensitive personal information is personal information that contains descriptions requiring special care in handling, to prevent unjust discrimination, prejudice, or other disadvantage against the individual. Unlike ordinary personal information, its distinguishing feature is that the individual's consent is mandatory in principle at the acquisition stage.\n::\n\n::heading\n[要配慮]{ようはいりょ:requiring special care:N1}[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}の[類型]{るいけい:categories:N2}（1）〜（6）\n\n#en\nCategories of sensitive personal information (1)-(6)\n::\n\n::para\n[要配慮]{ようはいりょ:requiring special care:N1}[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}の[具体的]{ぐたいてき:specific:N3}な[類型]{るいけい:categories:N2}は[以下]{いか:the following:N4}のとおりです。（1）[人種]{じんしゅ:race:N3}：[民族的]{みんぞくてき:ethnic:N3}[出自]{しゅつじ:origin:N4}を[表す]{あらわす:indicates:N3}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}。ただし「[国籍]{こくせき:nationality:N2}」や「[外国人]{がいこくじん:foreigner:N5}」という[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}は[人種]{じんしゅ:race:N3}には[該当]{がいとう:applicable:N1}しません。（2）[信条]{しんじょう:creed, belief:N1}：[宗教的]{しゅうきょうてき:religious:N1}な[信仰]{しんこう:faith:N1}や[政治的]{せいじてき:political:N3}な[信念]{しんねん:conviction:N3}（[例]{れい:example:N3}：どの[宗派]{しゅうは:religious sect:N1}に[属する]{ぞくする:belong to:N1}か、どの[政党]{せいとう:political party:N2}を[支持]{しじ:support:N3}するか）。（3）[社会的]{しゃかいてき:social:N4}[身分]{みぶん:status:N4}：[生まれ]{うまれ:birth:N5}ながらにして[有する]{ゆうする:possess:N4}[身分]{みぶん:status:N4}で、[自分]{じぶん:oneself:N4}の[意志]{いし:will:N1}では[変えられない]{かえられない:cannot change:N3}もの。[単なる]{たんなる:mere:N3}[職業]{しょくぎょう:occupation:N3}や[地位]{ちい:position:N3}は[含まれ]{ふくまれ:included:N2}ません。（4）[病歴]{びょうれき:medical history:N2}：[過去]{かこ:past:N3}に[罹患]{りかん:affliction:N1}した[病気]{びょうき:illness:N4}の[記録]{きろく:record:N2}。（5）[犯罪]{はんざい:crime:N3}の[経歴]{けいれき:record:N2}：[有罪]{ゆうざい:guilty:N3}[判決]{はんけつ:verdict:N3}を[受けた]{うけた:received:N3}[事実]{じじつ:fact:N3}（[前科]{ぜんか:criminal record:N3}）。（6）[犯罪]{はんざい:crime:N3}により[害]{がい:harm:N3}を[被った]{こうむった:suffered:N2}[事実]{じじつ:fact:N3}：[犯罪]{はんざい:crime:N3}[被害者]{ひがいしゃ:victim:N2}であるという[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}。\n\n#en\nThe specific categories of sensitive personal information are as follows. (1) Race: information indicating ethnic origin. However, \"nationality\" or \"foreigner\" does not fall under race. (2) Creed: religious faith or political conviction (e.g., which religious sect one belongs to, which political party one supports). (3) Social status: status held from birth that cannot be changed by one's own will. Mere occupation or position is not included. (4) Medical history: records of past illnesses. (5) Criminal record: the fact of having received a guilty verdict (prior conviction). (6) Fact of being a crime victim: information about being a victim of crime.\n::\n\n::heading\n[要配慮]{ようはいりょ:requiring special care:N1}[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}の[類型]{るいけい:categories:N2}（7）〜（11）\n\n#en\nCategories of sensitive personal information (7)-(11)\n::\n\n::para\n（7）[身体]{しんたい:physical:N4}[障害]{しょうがい:disability:N1}、[知的]{ちてき:intellectual:N4}[障害]{しょうがい:disability:N1}、[精神]{せいしん:mental:N3}[障害]{しょうがい:disability:N1}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}：[障害者]{しょうがいしゃ:person with disability:N1}[手帳]{てちょう:handbook, certificate:N1}の[交付]{こうふ:issuance:N3}を[受けて]{うけて:received:N3}いるか[否]{いな:whether or not:N3}かにかかわらず、[障害]{しょうがい:disability:N1}があるという[事実]{じじつ:fact:N3}[自体]{じたい:itself:N4}が[該当]{がいとう:applicable:N1}します。（8）[健康]{けんこう:health:N1}[診断]{しんだん:examination:N1}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}の[結果]{けっか:result:N1}：[定期]{ていき:regular:N3}[健康]{けんこう:health:N1}[診断]{しんだん:examination:N1}やストレスチェックの[結果]{けっか:result:N1}など。（9）[医師]{いし:doctor:N3}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}による[指導]{しどう:guidance:N2}・[診療]{しんりょう:medical treatment:N1}・[調剤]{ちょうざい:dispensing medication:N1}：[医療]{いりょう:medical care:N2}[機関]{きかん:institution:N3}での[診療]{しんりょう:treatment:N1}[記録]{きろく:record:N2}や[薬局]{やっきょく:pharmacy:N3}での[調剤]{ちょうざい:dispensing:N1}[記録]{きろく:record:N2}。（10）[逮捕]{たいほ:arrest:N1}、[捜索]{そうさく:search:N1}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}の[刑事]{けいじ:criminal:N1}[手続]{てつづき:procedure:N3}：[被疑者]{ひぎしゃ:suspect:N2}として[逮捕]{たいほ:arrested:N1}された[事実]{じじつ:fact:N3}や[捜索]{そうさく:search:N1}を[受けた]{うけた:received:N3}[事実]{じじつ:fact:N3}。（11）[少年]{しょうねん:juvenile:N4}[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}[事件]{じけん:case:N3}の[手続]{てつづき:procedure:N3}：[家庭]{かてい:family:N3}[裁判所]{さいばんしょ:court:N1}での[少年]{しょうねん:juvenile:N4}[審判]{しんぱん:trial, hearing:N1}に[関する]{かんする:related to:N3}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}。\n\n#en\n(7) Physical, intellectual, mental disabilities, etc.: applies regardless of whether the person has been issued a disability certificate — the fact of having a disability itself qualifies. (8) Results of health examinations, etc.: results of regular health checkups, stress checks, etc. (9) Guidance, medical treatment, and dispensing by doctors, etc.: medical treatment records at healthcare institutions and dispensing records at pharmacies. (10) Criminal procedures such as arrest and search: the fact of being arrested as a suspect or being subject to a search. (11) Juvenile protection case procedures: information relating to juvenile hearings at family courts.\n::\n\n::callout\n[試験]{しけん:exam:N4}の[頻出]{ひんしゅつ:frequently appearing:N1}ポイント：「[人種]{じんしゅ:race:N3}」と「[国籍]{こくせき:nationality:N2}」の[違い]{ちがい:difference:N3}。「[人種]{じんしゅ:race:N3}」は[要配慮]{ようはいりょ:requiring special care:N1}[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}に[該当]{がいとう:applicable:N1}しますが、「[国籍]{こくせき:nationality:N2}」は[該当]{がいとう:applicable:N1}しません。[国籍]{こくせき:nationality:N2}は[法的]{ほうてき:legal:N3}な[帰属]{きぞく:belonging:N1}であり、[民族的]{みんぞくてき:ethnic:N3}[出自]{しゅつじ:origin:N4}とは[別]{べつ:different:N4}の[概念]{がいねん:concept:N1}です。[同様]{どうよう:similarly:N3}に、「[外国人]{がいこくじん:foreigner:N5}」という[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}も[要配慮]{ようはいりょ:requiring special care:N1}[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}には[当たり]{あたり:falls under:N3}ません。[試験]{しけん:exam:N4}では「[国籍]{こくせき:nationality:N2}は[要配慮]{ようはいりょ:requiring special care:N1}[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}である」という[選択肢]{せんたくし:answer choice:N1}が[出題]{しゅつだい:presented:N4}される[典型的]{てんけいてき:classic:N1}な[引っかけ]{ひっかけ:trick question:N3}です。\n\n#en\nFrequently tested exam point: the difference between \"race\" and \"nationality.\" \"Race\" qualifies as sensitive personal information, but \"nationality\" does not. Nationality is a legal belonging and is a separate concept from ethnic origin. Similarly, the information \"foreigner\" does not count as sensitive personal information. The exam classically presents the trick answer choice that \"nationality is sensitive personal information.\"\n::\n\n::heading\n[同意]{どうい:consent:N4}[不要]{ふよう:unnecessary:N3}の[例外]{れいがい:exception:N3}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}20[条]{じょう:article:N1}2[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}[各号]{かくごう:each item:N2}）\n\n#en\nExceptions where consent is not required (Art. 20 Para. 2 items)\n::\n\n::para\n[法]{ほう:law:N3}20[条]{じょう:article:N1}2[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}[各号]{かくごう:each item:N2}は、[要配慮]{ようはいりょ:requiring special care:N1}[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}の[取得]{しゅとく:acquisition:N3}に[際して]{さいして:upon:N3}[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}の[同意]{どうい:consent:N4}を[要しない]{ようしない:not required:N3}[例外]{れいがい:exception:N3}を[列挙]{れっきょ:enumerate:N1}しています。[第]{だい:number:N1}1[号]{ごう:item:N3}：[法令]{ほうれい:laws and regulations:N2}に[基づく]{もとづく:based on:N1}[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}（[例]{れい:example:N3}：[裁判所]{さいばんしょ:court:N1}の[令状]{れいじょう:warrant:N2}に[基づく]{もとづく:based on:N1}[捜査]{そうさ:investigation:N2}[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}への[回答]{かいとう:response:N3}、[労働]{ろうどう:labor:N3}[安全]{あんぜん:safety:N3}[衛生]{えいせい:hygiene:N1}[法]{ほう:law:N3}に[基づく]{もとづく:based on:N1}[健康]{けんこう:health:N1}[診断]{しんだん:examination:N1}の[実施]{じっし:implementation:N1}）。[第]{だい:number:N1}2[号]{ごう:item:N3}：[人]{ひと:person:N5}の[生命]{せいめい:life:N3}、[身体]{しんたい:body:N4}または[財産]{ざいさん:property:N3}の[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}のために[必要]{ひつよう:necessary:N3}があり、かつ[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}の[同意]{どうい:consent:N4}を[得る]{える:obtain:N3}ことが[困難]{こんなん:difficult:N3}な[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}（[例]{れい:example:N3}：[急病人]{きゅうびょうにん:person suddenly taken ill:N4}の[血液型]{けつえきがた:blood type:N2}や[病歴]{びょうれき:medical history:N2}を[医師]{いし:doctor:N3}に[伝える]{つたえる:convey:N3}[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}）。\n\n#en\nArticle 20, Paragraph 2, each item enumerates exceptions where consent is not required for acquiring sensitive personal information. Item 1: Cases based on laws and regulations (e.g., responding to investigative agencies based on a court warrant, implementing health examinations based on the Industrial Safety and Health Act). Item 2: Cases necessary for the protection of a person's life, body, or property, and where obtaining the individual's consent is difficult (e.g., conveying a suddenly ill person's blood type or medical history to a doctor).\n::\n\n::para\n[第]{だい:number:N1}3[号]{ごう:item:N3}：[公衆]{こうしゅう:public:N1}[衛生]{えいせい:hygiene:N1}の[向上]{こうじょう:improvement:N3}または[児童]{じどう:children:N2}の[健全]{けんぜん:sound, healthy:N1}な[育成]{いくせい:development:N3}の[推進]{すいしん:promotion:N1}のために[特]{とく:especially:N4}に[必要]{ひつよう:necessary:N3}であり、かつ[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}の[同意]{どうい:consent:N4}を[得る]{える:obtain:N3}ことが[困難]{こんなん:difficult:N3}な[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}（[例]{れい:example:N3}：[感染症]{かんせんしょう:infectious disease:N1}の[疫学]{えきがく:epidemiological:N1}[調査]{ちょうさ:investigation:N2}、[児童]{じどう:child:N2}[虐待]{ぎゃくたい:abuse:N1}に[関する]{かんする:related to:N3}[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[共有]{きょうゆう:sharing:N3}）。[第]{だい:number:N1}4[号]{ごう:item:N3}：[国]{くに:nation:N5}の[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}もしくは[地方]{ちほう:local:N4}[公共]{こうきょう:public:N3}[団体]{だんたい:organization:N2}またはその[委託]{いたく:entrusted:N1}を[受けた]{うけた:received:N3}[者]{もの:person:N4}が[法令]{ほうれい:laws:N2}の[定める]{さだめる:stipulated:N3}[事務]{じむ:affairs:N3}を[遂行]{すいこう:carry out:N1}することに[対して]{たいして:with regard to:N3}[協力]{きょうりょく:cooperation:N2}する[必要]{ひつよう:necessary:N3}がある[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}（[例]{れい:example:N3}：[税務]{ぜいむ:tax affairs:N2}[調査]{ちょうさ:investigation:N2}への[協力]{きょうりょく:cooperation:N2}）。\n\n#en\nItem 3: Cases especially necessary for the improvement of public health or the promotion of sound development of children, and where obtaining consent is difficult (e.g., epidemiological investigation of infectious diseases, sharing information related to child abuse). Item 4: Cases where cooperation is necessary for the performance of duties stipulated by law by national or local government agencies or persons entrusted by them (e.g., cooperation with tax investigations).\n::\n\n::para\n[第]{だい:number:N1}5[号]{ごう:item:N3}：[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}が[自ら]{みずから:by oneself:N4}[公開]{こうかい:made public:N4}した[要配慮]{ようはいりょ:requiring special care:N1}[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}（[例]{れい:example:N3}：[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}がSNSで[自分]{じぶん:oneself:N4}の[病気]{びょうき:illness:N4}について[公表]{こうひょう:publicly announced:N3}した[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}）。[第]{だい:number:N1}6[号]{ごう:item:N3}：[外形]{がいけい:outward appearance:N3}[上]{じょう:from the standpoint of:N5}[明らか]{あきらか:obvious:N4}な[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}（[例]{れい:example:N3}：[車椅子]{くるまいす:wheelchair:N1}を[利用]{りよう:using:N3}していることが[外見]{がいけん:appearance:N5}から[明らか]{あきらか:obvious:N4}な[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}。ただし[外見]{がいけん:appearance:N5}からは[分からない]{わからない:cannot tell:N5}[内部]{ないぶ:internal:N3}[障害]{しょうがい:disability:N1}は[含まれ]{ふくまれ:included:N2}ません）。[第]{だい:number:N1}7[号]{ごう:item:N3}：[報道]{ほうどう:news reporting:N3}、[著述]{ちょじゅつ:writing, authoring:N2}、[学術]{がくじゅつ:academic:N3}[研究]{けんきゅう:research:N4}、[宗教]{しゅうきょう:religion:N1}[活動]{かつどう:activities:N3}、[政治]{せいじ:politics:N3}[活動]{かつどう:activities:N3}の[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}で[取得]{しゅとく:acquire:N3}する[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}（[適用]{てきよう:application:N3}[除外]{じょがい:exclusion:N3}の[範囲]{はんい:scope:N1}）。\n\n#en\nItem 5: Sensitive personal information that the individual has made public themselves (e.g., when the person publicly announced their illness on social media). Item 6: Cases where it is visually obvious from outward appearance (e.g., when it is apparent from appearance that a person uses a wheelchair. However, internal disabilities that cannot be discerned from appearance are not included). Item 7: Cases where acquisition is for the purpose of news reporting, writing, academic research, religious activities, or political activities (scope of application exclusion).\n::\n\n::callout\n[試験]{しけん:exam:N4}のポイント：[要配慮]{ようはいりょ:requiring special care:N1}[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}の[例外]{れいがい:exception:N3}は[全]{ぜん:all:N3}7[号]{ごう:items:N3}あります。[特]{とく:especially:N4}に[出題]{しゅつだい:exam question:N4}されやすいのは、「[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}が[自ら]{みずから:by oneself:N4}[公開]{こうかい:made public:N4}」（[第]{だい:number:N1}5[号]{ごう:item:N3}）と「[外形]{がいけい:outward appearance:N3}[上]{じょう:from the standpoint of:N5}[明らか]{あきらか:obvious:N4}」（[第]{だい:number:N1}6[号]{ごう:item:N3}）です。また、[通常]{つうじょう:normally:N3}の[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}は[取得]{しゅとく:acquisition:N3}に[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}の[同意]{どうい:consent:N4}が[不要]{ふよう:unnecessary:N3}ですが、[要配慮]{ようはいりょ:requiring special care:N1}[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}は[原則]{げんそく:in principle:N2}[同意]{どうい:consent:N4}が[必要]{ひつよう:necessary:N3}である[点]{てん:point:N3}を[混同]{こんどう:confuse:N2}しないよう[注意]{ちゅうい:attention:N4}してください。\n\n#en\nExam point: There are 7 exceptions in total for sensitive personal information. The ones most likely to appear on the exam are \"information the individual made public themselves\" (Item 5) and \"visually obvious from outward appearance\" (Item 6). Also, be careful not to confuse: ordinary personal information does NOT require consent for acquisition, but sensitive personal information requires consent in principle.\n::\n\n::heading\n[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}の[通知]{つうち:notification:N4}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}21[条]{じょう:article:N1}）\n\n#en\nNotification of purpose of use (Article 21)\n::\n\n::para\n[法]{ほう:law:N3}21[条]{じょう:article:N1}は、[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}を[取得]{しゅとく:acquired:N3}した[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}の[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}に[関する]{かんする:related to:N3}[義務]{ぎむ:obligation:N1}を[定めて]{さだめて:stipulates:N3}います。[第]{だい:number:N1}1[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}では、[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}を[取得]{しゅとく:acquired:N3}した[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}は、[速やか]{すみやか:promptly:N3}にその[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}を[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}に[通知]{つうち:notify:N4}するか、または[公表]{こうひょう:publicly announce:N3}しなければならないとされています。ここで「[通知]{つうち:notification:N4}」とは[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}に[直接]{ちょくせつ:directly:N2}[知らせる]{しらせる:inform:N4}ことであり、「[公表]{こうひょう:public announcement:N3}」とは[不特定]{ふとくてい:unspecified:N3}[多数]{たすう:large number:N3}が[知り得る]{しりうる:can know:N3}[状態]{じょうたい:state:N1}に[置く]{おく:place:N3}ことです。[通知]{つうち:notification:N4}か[公表]{こうひょう:public announcement:N3}かは[事業者]{じぎょうしゃ:business operator:N4}が[選択]{せんたく:choose:N1}できます。\n\n#en\nArticle 21 stipulates obligations regarding the purpose of use when personal information has been acquired. Paragraph 1 provides that when personal information is acquired, the purpose of use must be promptly notified to the individual or publicly announced. \"Notification\" here means directly informing the individual, while \"public announcement\" means placing the information in a state where an unspecified large number of people can know about it. The business operator can choose between notification and public announcement.\n::\n\n::para\n[通知]{つうち:notification:N4}・[公表]{こうひょう:public announcement:N3}の[具体的]{ぐたいてき:specific:N3}な[方法]{ほうほう:method:N3}としては、[以下]{いか:the following:N4}が[認められて]{みとめられて:recognized:N3}います。[通知]{つうち:notification:N4}の[方法]{ほうほう:method:N3}：[書面]{しょめん:written document:N3}の[交付]{こうふ:delivery:N3}、[口頭]{こうとう:oral:N3}での[説明]{せつめい:explanation:N3}、メールの[送信]{そうしん:sending:N3}など。[公表]{こうひょう:public announcement:N3}の[方法]{ほうほう:method:N3}：ウェブサイトへの[掲載]{けいさい:posting:N1}（プライバシーポリシー）、[店頭]{てんとう:storefront:N3}[掲示]{けいじ:display:N1}（ポスター・[看板]{かんばん:signboard:N1}）、[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[規約]{きやく:terms:N3}への[明記]{めいき:explicit notation:N3}など。なお、[公表]{こうひょう:public announcement:N3}は[取得]{しゅとく:acquisition:N3}[前]{まえ:before:N5}に[行って]{おこなって:perform:N5}おくことも[可能]{かのう:possible:N3}であり、あらかじめプライバシーポリシーで[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}を[公表]{こうひょう:publicly announced:N3}しておけば、[個別]{こべつ:individual:N2}の[通知]{つうち:notification:N4}は[不要]{ふよう:unnecessary:N3}になります。\n\n#en\nSpecific recognized methods of notification and public announcement include the following. Notification methods: delivery of written documents, oral explanation, sending emails, etc. Public announcement methods: posting on websites (privacy policy), storefront display (posters, signboards), explicit notation in terms of use, etc. Note that public announcement can also be done before acquisition — if the purpose of use is publicly announced in advance through a privacy policy, individual notification becomes unnecessary.\n::\n\n::heading\n[書面]{しょめん:written document:N3}による[直接]{ちょくせつ:direct:N2}[取得]{しゅとく:acquisition:N3}：「[明示]{めいじ:clear indication:N3}」の[要件]{ようけん:requirement:N3}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}21[条]{じょう:article:N1}2[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}）\n\n#en\nDirect acquisition via written documents: \"clear indication\" requirement (Art. 21 Para. 2)\n::\n\n::para\n[法]{ほう:law:N3}21[条]{じょう:article:N1}2[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}は、[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}から[直接]{ちょくせつ:directly:N2}[書面]{しょめん:written document:N3}（ウェブサイトの[入力]{にゅうりょく:input:N4}フォームを[含む]{ふくむ:including:N2}）により[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}を[取得]{しゅとく:acquire:N3}する[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}は、あらかじめ[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}を[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}に「[明示]{めいじ:clearly indicate:N3}」しなければならないと[定めて]{さだめて:stipulates:N3}います。ここでの「[明示]{めいじ:clear indication:N3}」は、1[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}の「[通知]{つうち:notification:N4}・[公表]{こうひょう:public announcement:N3}」よりも[厳しい]{きびしい:stricter:N1}[要件]{ようけん:requirement:N3}です。[単]{たん:just:N3}にウェブサイトのどこかに[記載]{きさい:written:N1}するだけでは[足りず]{たりず:insufficient:N4}、[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}が[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}を[提供]{ていきょう:provide:N1}する[時点]{じてん:point in time:N3}で、[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}を[確実]{かくじつ:reliably:N3}に[認識]{にんしき:recognize:N3}できる[状態]{じょうたい:state:N1}でなければなりません。[具体的]{ぐたいてき:specifically:N3}には、[契約書]{けいやくしょ:contract document:N1}、アンケート[用紙]{ようし:form:N4}、ウェブフォームの[送信]{そうしん:send:N3}ボタンの[近く]{ちかく:near:N4}に[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}を[表示]{ひょうじ:display:N3}する[方法]{ほうほう:method:N3}が[考えられ]{かんがえられ:considered:N4}ます。\n\n#en\nArticle 21, Paragraph 2 stipulates that when acquiring personal information directly from the individual via written documents (including website input forms), the purpose of use must be \"clearly indicated\" to the individual in advance. \"Clear indication\" here is a stricter requirement than the \"notification or public announcement\" of Paragraph 1. Simply posting it somewhere on a website is insufficient — the purpose of use must be in a state where the individual can reliably recognize it at the point when they provide their information. Specifically, methods include displaying the purpose of use on contract documents, questionnaire forms, or near the submit button of web forms.\n::\n\n::callout\n[試験]{しけん:exam:N4}のポイント：[法]{ほう:law:N3}21[条]{じょう:article:N1}1[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}は「[通知]{つうち:notification:N4}」または「[公表]{こうひょう:public announcement:N3}」（いずれか[一方]{いっぽう:one of:N4}でよい）、[法]{ほう:law:N3}21[条]{じょう:article:N1}2[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}は「[明示]{めいじ:clear indication:N3}」（[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}に[直接]{ちょくせつ:directly:N2}[示す]{しめす:show:N3}[必要]{ひつよう:necessary:N3}あり）です。2[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}の[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}、「[公表]{こうひょう:public announcement:N3}」だけでは[足りない]{たりない:insufficient:N4}[点]{てん:point:N3}に[注意]{ちゅうい:attention:N4}。[試験]{しけん:exam:N4}では「[書面]{しょめん:written document:N3}で[取得]{しゅとく:acquire:N3}する[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}は[公表]{こうひょう:public announcement:N3}で[足りる]{たりる:sufficient:N4}」という[誤り]{あやまり:error:N3}の[選択肢]{せんたくし:answer choice:N1}が[頻出]{ひんしゅつ:frequently appearing:N1}します。[正解]{せいかい:correct answer:N3}は「[明示]{めいじ:clear indication:N3}が[必要]{ひつよう:necessary:N3}」です。\n\n#en\nExam point: Article 21, Paragraph 1 requires \"notification\" OR \"public announcement\" (either one suffices), while Paragraph 2 requires \"clear indication\" (must be shown directly to the individual). Note that for Paragraph 2, \"public announcement\" alone is not sufficient. The exam frequently presents the incorrect choice \"public announcement is sufficient when acquiring via written documents.\" The correct answer is \"clear indication is required.\"\n::\n\n::heading\n[通知]{つうち:notification:N4}・[公表]{こうひょう:public announcement:N3}の[例外]{れいがい:exception:N3}（[法]{ほう:law:N3}21[条]{じょう:article:N1}4[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}）\n\n#en\nExceptions to notification\u002Fpublic announcement (Art. 21 Para. 4)\n::\n\n::para\n[法]{ほう:law:N3}21[条]{じょう:article:N1}4[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}は、[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}の[通知]{つうち:notification:N4}・[公表]{こうひょう:public announcement:N3}が[不要]{ふよう:unnecessary:N3}となる[例外]{れいがい:exception:N3}を[定めて]{さだめて:stipulates:N3}います。[第]{だい:number:N1}1[号]{ごう:item:N3}：[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}を[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}に[通知]{つうち:notify:N4}し、または[公表]{こうひょう:publicly announce:N3}することにより、[本人]{ほんにん:the person:N5}または[第三者]{だいさんしゃ:third party:N1}の[権利]{けんり:rights:N3}[利益]{りえき:interests:N1}を[害する]{がいする:harm:N3}おそれがある[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}（[例]{れい:example:N3}：[不正]{ふせい:fraud:N4}[検知]{けんち:detection:N1}のための[監視]{かんし:monitoring:N1}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}を[公表]{こうひょう:publicly announce:N3}すると[不正]{ふせい:fraud:N4}[行為者]{こういしゃ:perpetrator:N1}に[手口]{てぐち:modus operandi:N4}を[教える]{おしえる:teach:N4}ことになる[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}）。\n\n#en\nArticle 21, Paragraph 4 stipulates exceptions where notification or public announcement of the purpose of use is not required. Item 1: Cases where notification or public announcement of the purpose of use could harm the rights and interests of the individual or a third party (e.g., when publicly announcing the purpose of monitoring for fraud detection would inform perpetrators of the methods being used).\n::\n\n::para\n[第]{だい:number:N1}2[号]{ごう:item:N3}：[国]{くに:nation:N5}の[機関]{きかん:agency:N3}もしくは[地方]{ちほう:local:N4}[公共]{こうきょう:public:N3}[団体]{だんたい:organization:N2}が[法令]{ほうれい:laws:N2}の[定める]{さだめる:stipulated:N3}[事務]{じむ:affairs:N3}を[遂行]{すいこう:carry out:N1}することに[対して]{たいして:with regard to:N3}[支障]{ししょう:hindrance:N1}を[及ぼす]{およぼす:exert:N1}おそれがある[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}（[例]{れい:example:N3}：[犯罪]{はんざい:crime:N3}[捜査]{そうさ:investigation:N2}に[関連]{かんれん:related:N3}する[情報]{じょうほう:information:N3}[収集]{しゅうしゅう:collection:N3}の[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}を[公表]{こうひょう:publicly announce:N3}すると[捜査]{そうさ:investigation:N2}に[支障]{ししょう:hindrance:N1}が[出る]{でる:arise:N5}[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}）。[第]{だい:number:N1}3[号]{ごう:item:N3}：[取得]{しゅとく:acquisition:N3}の[状況]{じょうきょう:circumstances:N2}から[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}が[明らか]{あきらか:obvious:N4}であると[認められる]{みとめられる:recognized:N3}[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}（[例]{れい:example:N3}：[商談]{しょうだん:business meeting:N3}の[場]{ば:occasion:N4}で[名刺]{めいし:business card:N2}を[交換]{こうかん:exchange:N2}する[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}、[連絡]{れんらく:contact:N2}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}であることが[明らか]{あきらか:obvious:N4}）。\n\n#en\nItem 2: Cases where notification or public announcement could hinder the performance of duties stipulated by law by national or local government agencies (e.g., when publicly announcing the purpose of information collection related to criminal investigations would hinder the investigation). Item 3: Cases where the purpose of use is recognized as obvious from the circumstances of acquisition (e.g., when exchanging business cards at a business meeting, it is obvious that the purpose is for making contact).\n::\n\n::callout\n[試験]{しけん:exam:N4}のポイント：[法]{ほう:law:N3}21[条]{じょう:article:N1}4[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}3[号]{ごう:item:N3}の「[取得]{しゅとく:acquisition:N3}の[状況]{じょうきょう:circumstances:N2}から[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}が[明らか]{あきらか:obvious:N4}」は[代表的]{だいひょうてき:representative:N3}な[出題]{しゅつだい:exam question:N4}パターンです。[名刺]{めいし:business card:N2}[交換]{こうかん:exchange:N2}の[例]{れい:example:N3}がもっとも[典型的]{てんけいてき:typical:N1}ですが、[同じ]{おなじ:same:N4}[名刺]{めいし:business card:N2}でもダイレクトメールの[送付]{そうふ:sending:N3}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}で[収集]{しゅうしゅう:collect:N3}する[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}は「[明らか]{あきらか:obvious:N4}」とは[言えず]{いえず:cannot be said:N4}、[通知]{つうち:notification:N4}・[公表]{こうひょう:public announcement:N3}が[必要]{ひつよう:necessary:N3}になる[点]{てん:point:N3}に[注意]{ちゅうい:attention:N4}してください。\n\n#en\nExam point: \"The purpose of use is obvious from the circumstances of acquisition\" (Article 21, Paragraph 4, Item 3) is a representative exam question pattern. The business card exchange example is the most typical, but note that if the same business cards are collected for the purpose of sending direct mail, the purpose cannot be called \"obvious,\" and notification or public announcement becomes necessary.\n::\n\n::heading\nまとめ\n\n#en\nSummary\n::\n\n::para\n[以上]{いじょう:above:N4}をまとめると、[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}の[取得]{しゅとく:acquisition:N3}に[関して]{かんして:regarding:N3}は[三]{み:three:N5}つの[柱]{はしら:pillar:N2}があります。[第一]{だいいち:first:N1}に、[法]{ほう:law:N3}20[条]{じょう:article:N1}1[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}の[適正]{てきせい:proper:N3}な[取得]{しゅとく:acquisition:N3}：[偽り]{いつわり:deception:N1}やその[他]{た:other:N3}[不正]{ふせい:improper:N4}な[手段]{しゅだん:means:N3}での[取得]{しゅとく:acquisition:N3}を[禁止]{きんし:prohibited:N2}。[第二]{だいに:second:N1}に、[法]{ほう:law:N3}20[条]{じょう:article:N1}2[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}の[要配慮]{ようはいりょ:requiring special care:N1}[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}：[原則]{げんそく:in principle:N2}として[事前]{じぜん:in advance:N4}[同意]{どうい:consent:N4}が[必要]{ひつよう:necessary:N3}（7つの[例外]{れいがい:exception:N3}あり）。[第三]{だいさん:third:N1}に、[法]{ほう:law:N3}21[条]{じょう:article:N1}の[利用]{りよう:use:N3}[目的]{もくてき:purpose:N4}の[通知]{つうち:notification:N4}[等]{とう:etc.:N3}：[取得]{しゅとく:acquisition:N3}[後]{ご:after:N5}[速やか]{すみやか:promptly:N3}に[通知]{つうち:notify:N4}・[公表]{こうひょう:publicly announce:N3}（1[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}）、[書面]{しょめん:written document:N3}[取得]{しゅとく:acquisition:N3}の[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}は[事前]{じぜん:in advance:N4}に[明示]{めいじ:clearly indicate:N3}（2[項]{こう:paragraph:N1}）。これら[三]{み:three:N5}つの[義務]{ぎむ:obligation:N1}に[違反]{いはん:violation:N3}した[場合]{ばあい:case:N3}、[個人情報]{こじんじょうほう:personal information:N2}[保護]{ほご:protection:N1}[委員会]{いいんかい:commission:N2}から[勧告]{かんこく:recommendation:N1}・[命令]{めいれい:order:N2}を[受ける]{うける:receive:N3}[可能性]{かのうせい:possibility:N3}があり、[命令]{めいれい:order:N2}[違反]{いはん:violation:N3}には[罰則]{ばっそく:penalty:N1}が[科され]{かされ:imposed:N3}ます。\n\n#en\nTo summarize, there are three pillars regarding the acquisition of personal information. First, proper acquisition under Article 20, Paragraph 1: acquisition through deception or other improper means is prohibited. Second, sensitive personal information under Article 20, Paragraph 2: prior consent is required in principle (with 7 exceptions). Third, notification of purpose of use under Article 21: prompt notification or public announcement after acquisition (Paragraph 1), and clear indication in advance for acquisition via written documents (Paragraph 2). Violating these three obligations may result in recommendations or orders from the Personal Information Protection Commission, and penalties are imposed for violating such orders.\n::\n",{"id":269,"title":275,"titleEn":276,"topicPath":277,"questions":278},"第３編 個人情報に関する義務 確認テスト","Chapter 3: Obligations Regarding Personal Information — Practice Test","software\u002Fkojin-joho-hogo\u002Fkadai-1\u002Fhen-03-kojin-joho-gimu",[279,308,331,355,379],{"id":280,"articleId":281,"question":282,"options":285,"correctLabel":291,"explanation":302,"tags":305},"kjh-k1-h03-q01","kjh-k1-h03-riyou-mokuteki",{"en":283,"jp":284},"Which of the following is correct about \"specification of purpose of use\" under Article 17?","[法]{ほう:law}[第]{だい:article}17[条]{じょう:article}の「[利用]{りよう:use}[目的]{もくてき:purpose}の[特定]{とくてい:specification}」について[正]{ただ:correct}しいものはどれか。",[286,290,294,298],{"label":287,"jp":288,"en":289},"ア","[利用]{りよう:use}[目的]{もくてき:purpose}は「お[客様]{きゃくさま:customer}サービスの[向上]{こうじょう:improvement}のため」のように[抽象的]{ちゅうしょうてき:abstract}でもよい","The purpose of use can be abstract, such as \"for improvement of customer service\"",{"label":291,"jp":292,"en":293},"イ","[利用]{りよう:use}[目的]{もくてき:purpose}は[本人]{ほんにん:individual}が[合理的]{ごうりてき:reasonable}に[予測]{よそく:predict}できる[程度]{ていど:degree}に[特定]{とくてい:specify}する[必要]{ひつよう:necessary}がある","The purpose of use must be specified to a degree that the individual can reasonably predict",{"label":295,"jp":296,"en":297},"ウ","[利用]{りよう:use}[目的]{もくてき:purpose}の[特定]{とくてい:specification}は[努力]{どりょく:effort}[義務]{ぎむ:obligation}である","Specification of purpose of use is merely an effort obligation",{"label":299,"jp":300,"en":301},"エ","[利用]{りよう:use}[目的]{もくてき:purpose}は[口頭]{こうとう:verbal}で[伝]{つた:convey}えれば[足]{た:sufficient}りる","It is sufficient to convey the purpose verbally",{"en":303,"jp":304},"Article 17 obligates specifying the purpose of use \"as much as possible.\" Abstract expressions like \"improvement of customer service\" are considered insufficient.","[法]{ほう:law}[第]{だい:article}17[条]{じょう:article}は[利用]{りよう:use}[目的]{もくてき:purpose}を「できる[限]{かぎ:as much as}り[特定]{とくてい:specify}」することを[義務]{ぎむ:obligation}づけている。「お[客様]{きゃくさま:customer}サービスの[向上]{こうじょう:improvement}」のような[抽象的]{ちゅうしょうてき:abstract}な[表現]{ひょうげん:expression}では[不十分]{ふじゅうぶん:insufficient}とされている。",[306,307],"利用目的の特定","17条",{"id":309,"articleId":281,"question":310,"options":313,"correctLabel":295,"explanation":326,"tags":329},"kjh-k1-h03-q02",{"en":311,"jp":312},"Which of the following is correct about changing the purpose of use?","[利用]{りよう:use}[目的]{もくてき:purpose}の[変更]{へんこう:change}について[正]{ただ:correct}しいものはどれか。",[314,317,320,323],{"label":287,"jp":315,"en":316},"[変更]{へんこう:change}[前]{まえ:before}の[利用]{りよう:use}[目的]{もくてき:purpose}と[関連性]{かんれんせい:relevance}がなくても[自由]{じゆう:free}に[変更]{へんこう:change}できる","The purpose can be freely changed even without relevance to the original purpose",{"label":291,"jp":318,"en":319},"[変更]{へんこう:change}は[一切]{いっさい:at all}[認]{みと:permitted}められない","No changes are permitted at all",{"label":295,"jp":321,"en":322},"[変更]{へんこう:changed}は[合理的]{ごうりてき:reasonable}に[関連性]{かんれんせい:relevance}があると[認]{みと:recognized}められる[範囲]{はんい:scope}で[可能]{かのう:possible}","Changes are possible within a scope that is reasonably related",{"label":299,"jp":324,"en":325},"[本人]{ほんにん:individual}の[同意]{どうい:consent}があれば[関連性]{かんれんせい:relevance}は[不要]{ふよう:unnecessary}","Relevance is unnecessary if the individual consents",{"en":327,"jp":328},"Under Article 17(2), changes to the purpose of use are limited to a scope \"reasonably recognized as related to the original purpose.\" For unrelated changes, new consent must be obtained.","[法]{ほう:law}[第]{だい:article}17[条]{じょう:article}2[項]{こう:paragraph}により、[利用]{りよう:use}[目的]{もくてき:purpose}の[変更]{へんこう:change}は「[変更]{へんこう:change}[前]{まえ:before}の[利用]{りよう:use}[目的]{もくてき:purpose}と[関連性]{かんれんせい:relevance}を[有]{ゆう:have}すると[合理的]{ごうりてき:reasonable}に[認]{みと:recognized}められる[範囲]{はんい:scope}」に[限]{かぎ:limited}られる。[関連性]{かんれんせい:relevance}のない[変更]{へんこう:change}には[改]{あらた:new}めて[同意]{どうい:consent}[取得]{しゅとく:acquisition}が[必要]{ひつよう:necessary}。",[330],"利用目的の変更",{"id":332,"articleId":281,"question":333,"options":336,"correctLabel":299,"explanation":349,"tags":352},"kjh-k1-h03-q03",{"en":334,"jp":335},"Which of the following is NOT an exception to the restriction on use by purpose under Article 18?","[法]{ほう:law}[第]{だい:article}18[条]{じょう:article}の[利用]{りよう:use}[目的]{もくてき:purpose}による[制限]{せいげん:restriction}の[例外]{れいがい:exception}に[該当]{がいとう:applicable}しないものはどれか。",[337,340,343,346],{"label":287,"jp":338,"en":339},"[法令]{ほうれい:laws and regulations}に[基]{もと:based}づく[場合]{ばあい:case}","When based on laws and regulations",{"label":291,"jp":341,"en":342},"[人]{ひと:person}の[生命]{せいめい:life}、[身体]{しんたい:body}[又]{また:or}は[財産]{ざいさん:property}の[保護]{ほご:protection}に[必要]{ひつよう:necessary}な[場合]{ばあい:case}","When necessary for protection of life, body, or property",{"label":295,"jp":344,"en":345},"[本人]{ほんにん:individual}の[同意]{どうい:consent}を[得]{え:obtain}ることが[困難]{こんなん:difficult}な[場合]{ばあい:case}","When it is difficult to obtain the individual's consent",{"label":299,"jp":347,"en":348},"[自社]{じしゃ:own company}の[売上]{うりあげ:sales}[向上]{こうじょう:improvement}のために[必要]{ひつよう:necessary}な[場合]{ばあい:case}","When necessary for improving the company's sales",{"en":350,"jp":351},"Exceptions under Article 18 include cases based on laws, protection of life\u002Fbody\u002Fproperty, public health\u002Fchild welfare, and cooperation with government agencies. Improving the company's sales is not an exception.","[法]{ほう:law}[第]{だい:article}18[条]{じょう:article}の[例外]{れいがい:exception}[事由]{じゆう:grounds}は、[法令]{ほうれい:laws}に[基]{もと:based}づく[場合]{ばあい:case}、[生命]{せいめい:life}・[身体]{しんたい:body}・[財産]{ざいさん:property}の[保護]{ほご:protection}、[公衆]{こうしゅう:public}[衛生]{えいせい:health}・[児童]{じどう:child}の[健全]{けんぜん:sound}[育成]{いくせい:development}、[国]{くに:state}の[機関]{きかん:agency}への[協力]{きょうりょく:cooperation}などである。[自社]{じしゃ:own company}の[売上]{うりあげ:sales}[向上]{こうじょう:improvement}は[例外]{れいがい:exception}に[該当]{がいとう:applicable}しない。",[353,354],"18条","例外事由",{"id":356,"articleId":281,"question":357,"options":360,"correctLabel":291,"explanation":373,"tags":376},"kjh-k1-h03-q04",{"en":358,"jp":359},"Which of the following is correct about the \"prohibition of improper use\" under Article 19?","[法]{ほう:law}[第]{だい:article}19[条]{じょう:article}の「[不適正]{ふてきせい:improper}な[利用]{りよう:use}の[禁止]{きんし:prohibition}」について[正]{ただ:correct}しいものはどれか。",[361,364,367,370],{"label":287,"jp":362,"en":363},"2003[年]{ねん:year}の[法]{ほう:law}[制定]{せいてい:enactment}[時]{じ:time}から[存在]{そんざい:existed}する[規定]{きてい:provision}である","This provision has existed since the law was enacted in 2003",{"label":291,"jp":365,"en":366},"[違法]{いほう:illegal}[又]{また:or}は[不当]{ふとう:improper}な[行為]{こうい:act}を[助長]{じょちょう:promote}するおそれがある[方法]{ほうほう:method}での[利用]{りよう:use}を[禁止]{きんし:prohibit}する","It prohibits use in a manner that may promote illegal or improper acts",{"label":295,"jp":368,"en":369},"[罰則]{ばっそく:penalty}の[対象]{たいしょう:subject}ではない","It is not subject to penalties",{"label":299,"jp":371,"en":372},"[本人]{ほんにん:individual}の[同意]{どうい:consent}があれば[不適正]{ふてきせい:improper}[利用]{りよう:use}も[許容]{きょよう:tolerated}される","Improper use is tolerated if the individual consents",{"en":374,"jp":375},"Article 19 was newly established in the 2020 amendment and prohibits use in a manner that may promote illegal or improper acts. Improper use is not tolerated even with the individual's consent.","[法]{ほう:law}[第]{だい:article}19[条]{じょう:article}は2020[年]{ねん:year}[改正]{かいせい:amendment}で[新設]{しんせつ:newly established}された[規定]{きてい:provision}で、[違法]{いほう:illegal}・[不当]{ふとう:improper}な[行為]{こうい:act}を[助長]{じょちょう:promote}するおそれがある[方法]{ほうほう:method}での[利用]{りよう:use}を[禁止]{きんし:prohibit}する。[本人]{ほんにん:individual}の[同意]{どうい:consent}があっても[不適正]{ふてきせい:improper}[利用]{りよう:use}は[許容]{きょよう:tolerated}されない。",[377,378],"不適正利用","19条",{"id":380,"articleId":6,"question":381,"options":384,"correctLabel":291,"explanation":397,"tags":400},"kjh-k1-h03-q05",{"en":382,"jp":383},"Which of the following is correct about acquisition of special care-required personal information (Article 20(2))?","[要]{よう:requiring}[配慮]{はいりょ:consideration}[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}の[取得]{しゅとく:acquisition}（[法]{ほう:law}[第]{だい:article}20[条]{じょう:article}2[項]{こう:paragraph}）について[正]{ただ:correct}しいものはどれか。",[385,388,391,394],{"label":287,"jp":386,"en":387},"[原則]{げんそく:principle}として[本人]{ほんにん:individual}の[同意]{どうい:consent}なく[取得]{しゅとく:acquire}できる","It can be acquired without the individual's consent in principle",{"label":291,"jp":389,"en":390},"[原則]{げんそく:principle}として[本人]{ほんにん:individual}の[同意]{どうい:consent}が[必要]{ひつよう:necessary}である","The individual's consent is required in principle",{"label":295,"jp":392,"en":393},"[行政]{ぎょうせい:government}[機関]{きかん:agency}からの[提供]{ていきょう:provision}であれば[同意]{どうい:consent}は[不要]{ふよう:unnecessary}","Consent is unnecessary if provided by a government agency",{"label":299,"jp":395,"en":396},"[本人]{ほんにん:individual}が[自]{みずか:voluntarily}ら[公開]{こうかい:disclosed}した[場合]{ばあい:case}でも[同意]{どうい:consent}が[必要]{ひつよう:necessary}","Consent is required even when the individual has voluntarily disclosed the information",{"en":398,"jp":399},"Special care-required personal information requires the individual's consent in principle. Exceptions include cases based on laws or when the individual has voluntarily disclosed the information. Even provision from government agencies requires consent in principle.","[要]{よう:requiring}[配慮]{はいりょ:consideration}[個人]{こじん:personal}[情報]{じょうほう:information}は[原則]{げんそく:principle}として[本人]{ほんにん:individual}の[同意]{どうい:consent}が[必要]{ひつよう:necessary}。ただし[法令]{ほうれい:laws}に[基]{もと:based}づく[場合]{ばあい:case}や[本人]{ほんにん:individual}が[自]{みずか:voluntarily}ら[公開]{こうかい:disclosed}した[場合]{ばあい:case}などは[例外]{れいがい:exception}。[行政]{ぎょうせい:government}[機関]{きかん:agency}からの[提供]{ていきょう:provision}でも[原則]{げんそく:principle}[同意]{どうい:consent}は[必要]{ひつよう:necessary}。",[74,401],"20条"]